Rna antagonist compounds for the modulation of pik3ca expression

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to oligomeric compounds (oligomers), which target PIK3CA mRNA in a cell, leading to reduced expression of PIK3CA. Reduction of PIK3CA expression is beneficial for the treatment of certain medical disorders, such as hyperproliferative diseases (e.g., cancer). The invention provides therapeutic compositions comprising oligomers and methods for modulating the expression of PIK3CA using said oligomers, including methods of treatment.

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/992,050, filed Dec. 3, 2007, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to oligomeric compounds (oligomers) that target PIK3CA mRNA in a cell, leading to reduced expression of PIK3CA. In particular, this invention relates to oligomeric compounds (oligomers), which target PIK3CA mRNA in a cell, leading to reduced expression of PIK3CA. Reduction of PIK3CA expression is beneficial for a range of medical disorders, such as hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer.

BACKGROUND

Phospatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a ubiquitous lipid kinase involved in receptor signal transduction by tyrosine kinase receptors. PI3K comprises a large and complex family that includes 3 classes with multiple subunits and isoforms. The class I PI3Ks are composed of a Src homology-2 domain containing an 85 kDa regulatory subunit (p85) and a 100-kDa catalytic subunit (p110), which catalyses the phosphorylation of phosphoinositol 4-phosphate and phosphoinisitol 4,5-phosphate at their D3 positions. The PI3K regulatory subunits include p85alpha and its truncated splice variants p50alpha and p55alpha, as well as p85beta and p55gamma; the catalytic subunits include p110alpha, p110beta, and p110delta. The human catalytic subunit p110alpha is encoded by the PIK3CA gene, located on the human chromosome 3 [Chr 3: 180.35-180.44 M bp] specifically [chr3:180, 349, 005-180, 435, 191 bp] (NCBI reference sequence annotation) (3q26.3), which is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers; PIK3CA has been shown to be mutated in 32% of colorectal cancers, 27% of glioblastomas, 25% of gastric cancers, 36% of hepatocellular carcinomas, 18-40% of breast cancers, 4-12% of ovarian cancers and 4% of lung cancers (Samuels et al., 2006). Most of these mutations map to three mutational hot-spots within the PIK3CA coding sequence, which are E542K, E545K and H1047R (Kang et al., 2005). A comprehensive map of PIK3CA mutations and their prevalence in different human tissues can be found on http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=gene&amp;In=PIK3CA (hereby incorporated by reference).

PI3K has been indicated in a wide range of cancers, such as colorectal carcinoma, where it is has been shown that the activation of PI3K/Akt is associated with colorectal carcinoma and can convert differentiated human gastric or colonic carcinoma cells to a less differentiated and more malignant phenotype (Rychahou et al 2006).

The effects of PI3K on tumor growth and progression are thought to be mediated by Akt, a downstream effector of PI3K. In humans there are three members of the Akt gene family, Akt 1, Akt 2 and Akt3. Akt is over expressed in a number of cancers, including colon, pancreatic, ovarian and some steroid hormone-insensitive breast cancers.

Inhibitors of proteins that are involved in the PI3K/Akt signalling, which have been suggested as potential therapeutic agents, include both siRNAs and antisense oligonucleotides (US2006/030536A), however to date most research in this area appears to have focused on the use of siRNAs.

WO2005/091849 describes antisense down-regulation of PI3K, however no specific antisense oligonucleotides are disclosed.

Zhang et al., 2004 (Cancer Biology and Therapy 3:12 1283-1289) discloses siRNAs targeting p110alpha and suggests its use in gene therapy in ovarian cancer.

Rychahou et al 2006 (Annals of Surgery 243833-844) discloses siRNA complexes targeting p85alpha and p110alpha which were found to decrease in vitro colon cancer cell survival and to increase apoptosis in human colon cancer cells, and decreased liver metastasis in in vivo experiments.

Meng et al., 2006 (Cellular Signalling 18 2262-2271) discloses siRNAs targeting p110alpha for inhibiting PI3K activity in ovarian cancer cells. The authors determined that inhibition of AKT1 is sufficient to affect cell migration, invasion and proliferation.

Hsieh et al., 2004 (NAR 32 893-901) reports on the use of 148 siRNA duplexes targeting 30 genes within the PI3K pathway.

US 2005/0272682 discloses siRNA complexes targeting a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides highly efficient antisense oligonucleotides which target the PI3K pathway, specifically the PIK3CA mRNA, and in particular a new class of PIK3CA antagonists which have been selected based on the use of LNA chemistry, and/or by the selection of particularly effective target sites on the PIK3CA mRNA.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

The invention provides an oligomer of 10-50 monomers, such as 10-30 monomers which comprises a first region of 10-30 monomers, wherein the sequence of the first region is at least 80% (e.g., 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) identical to the reverse complement of a target region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA, such as a mammalian PIK3CA gene or mRNA, such as a nucleic acid have the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or naturally occurring variants thereof.

The invention provides for a conjugate comprising the oligomer according to the invention, and at least one non-nucleoside or non-polynucleotide moiety covalently attached to the oligomer.

The invention provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligomer or the conjugate according to the invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, salt or adjuvant.

The invention provides for the oligomer or the conjugate according to the invention, for use as a medicament, such as for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer.

The invention provides for the use of an oligomer or conjugate thereof according to the invention, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer.

The invention provides for a method of treating a hyperproliferative disease such as cancer, the method comprising administering an effective amount of an oligomer, a conjugate or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, to a patient suffering from, or susceptible to, said the hyperproliferative disease.

The invention provides for a method of inhibiting PIK3CA in a cell which is expressing PIK3CA, the method comprising contacting the cell in vitro or in vivo with an effective amount of an oligomer, or a conjugate according to the invention to effect the inhibition of PIK3CA expression in the cell.

The invention further provides for an oligomer according to the invention, for use in medicine.

The invention further provides for an oligomer according to the invention, for use for the treatment of one or more of the diseases referred to herein, such as a disease selected from the group consisting of hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer.

Also disclosed are methods of treating a non-human animal or a human, suspected of having or being susceptible to a hyperproliferative disease, such as cancer and/or other hyperproliferative diseases, associated with the expression, or over-expression, of PIK3CA, by administering to the non-human animal or human a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of an oligomer, conjugate or composition of the invention. Further, methods of using oligomers for the inhibition of expression of PIK3CA, and for treatment of diseases associated with PIK3CA (e.g., PI3K) are provided.

The invention provides for a method for treating a disease selected from the group consisting of hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer; the method comprising administering an effective amount of an oligomer, a conjugate, or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention to a patient in need thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

FIG. 1. Oligonucleotides presented in Table 5 were evaluated for their potential to knock down the PIK3CA mRNA at concentrations of 0.8 nM, 4 nM and 20 nM in MCF7 cells 24 hours after transfection using Real-time PCR. All results were normalised to GAPDH and inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA is shown as percent of mock-transfected control. Results shown are the average of results from three independent experiments.

FIG. 2. Oligonucleotides presented in Table 5 were evaluated for their potential to knock down the PIK3CA mRNA at concentrations of 0.8 nM, 4 nM and 20 nM in PC3 cells 24 hours after transfection using Real-time PCR. All results were normalised to GAPDH and inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA is shown as percent of mock-transfected control. Results shown are the average of results from three independent experiments.

FIG. 3. Sequence alignment of the human PIK3CA mRNA sequence, GenBank Accession number NM_(—)006218 and the mouse PIK3CA mRNA sequence, GenBank Accession number NM_(—)008839.

FIG. 4. Location of target regions on the human PIK3CA mRNA sequence (GenBank Accession number NM_(—)006218). Positions marked in grey are mutation hot-spots—1781, 1790 and 3297.

FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 1 Homo sapiens phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA) mRNA, GenBank Accession number NM_(—)006218, 3724 bp.

FIG. 6. SEQ ID NO 105. Homo sapiens phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic, alpha polypeptide protein sequence (PIK3CA) GenBank Accession number NP_(—)006209.

FIG. 7. SEQ ID NO 106. Mus musculus phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA), mRNA. GenBank Accession number NM_(—)008839.

FIG. 8. SEQ ID NO 107. Mus musculus phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic, alpha polypeptide protein sequence (PIK3CA) GenBank Accession number NP_(—)032865.

FIG. 9. SEQ ID NO 108. Macaca mulatta phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide (PIK3CA), mRNA. GenBank Accession number XM_(—)001109162.

FIG. 10. SEQ ID NO 109. Macaca mulatta phosphoinositide-3-kinase catalytic, alpha polypeptide protein sequence (PIK3CA) GenBank Accession number XP_(—)001109162.

FIG. 11. Cell proliferation assay (MTS assay) in MCF7 cells. Four independent experiments were performed. The results from the experiment best representing the average activity of each oligomer are shown.

FIG. 12. Cell proliferation assay (MTS) in PC3 cells. Two independent experiments were performed. The results from the experiment best representing the average activity of each oligomer are shown.

FIG. 13. Caspase 3/7 activity in PC3 cells after transfection with PIK3CA oligonucleotides. Data are expressed as fold induction compared to mock.

FIG. 14. Cell proliferation assay (MTS) in HCT116 cells.

FIG. 15. Caspase 3/7 activity in HCT116 cells after transfection with PIK3CA oligomers. Data are expressed as fold induction compared to mock.

FIG. 16. Plasma stability of PIK3CA oligonucleotides. The LNA oligonucleotides were incubated with mouse plasma at 37° C. and aliquots were taken at 0, 24, 48 and 120 h. The results were visualized by gel electrophoresis using an SDS-PAGE gel.

FIG. 17. Tm determination of PIK3CA oligonucleotides hybridised to a target region of a target nucleic acid. Bold, uppercase letters with a superscript “o” to the right represent •-D-oxy LNA monomers. MC represents LNA monomers with 5-methylcytosine bases. Subscript “s” represents a phosphorothioate linkage. Lowercase letters represent DNA monomers.

FIG. 18. Down-regulation of PIK3CA protein and pAkt in A549 cells

FIG. 19. Down-regulation of PIK3CA protein and pAkt in 15PC3 cells

FIG. 20. Analysis of knock down of PIK3CA mRNA in liver.

FIG. 21. In vivo knock down of PIK3CA mRNA in mouse liver. Data are expressed as % down-regulation compared to saline (100%)±stdev. There were 5 animals in each group.

FIG. 22. The most potent oligonucleotides were evaluated for their potential to knock down the PIK3CA mRNA at concentrations of 0.04 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.8 nM, 4 nM, 10 nM and 20 nM in PC3 cells 24 hours after transfection using Real-time PCR. All results were normalised to GAPDH and inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA is shown as percent of mock-transfected control. Results shown are the average of two independent experiments.

FIG. 23. The most potent oligonucleotides were evaluated for their potential to knock down the PIK3CA mRNA at concentrations of 0.04 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.8 nM, 4 nM, 10 nM and 20 nM in MCF7 cells 24 hours after transfection using Real-time PCR. All results were normalised to GAPDH and inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA is shown as percent of mock-transfected control. Results shown are the average of two independent experiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION The Oligomer

The invention employs oligomeric compounds (referred herein as oligomers), for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding mammalian PIK3CA, such as the PIK3CA nucleic acid having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO.: 1, and naturally occurring variants of such nucleic acid molecules encoding mammalian PIK3CA. The term “oligomer” in the context of the present invention, refers to a molecule formed by covalent linkage of two or more monomers (i.e. an oligonucleotide). In some embodiments, the oligomer consists of or comprises from 10-30 monomers.

The term “monomer” includes both nucleosides and deoxynucleosides (collectively, “nucleosides”) that occur naturally in nucleic acids and that do not contain either modified sugars or modified nucleobases, i.e., compounds in which a ribose sugar or deoxyribose sugar is covalently bonded to a naturally-occurring, unmodified nucleobase (base) moiety (i.e., the purine and pyrimidine heterocycles adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil) and “nucleoside analogues,” which are nucleosides that either do occur naturally in nucleic acids or do not occur naturally in nucleic acids, wherein either the sugar moiety is other than a ribose or a deoxyribose sugar (such as bicyclic sugars or 2′ modified sugars, such as 2′ substituted sugars), or the base moiety is modified (e.g., 5-methylcytosine), or both.

An “RNA monomer” is a nucleoside containing a ribose sugar and an unmodified nucleobase.

A “DNA monomer” is a nucleoside containing a deoxyribose sugar and an unmodified nucleobase.

A “Locked Nucleic Acid monomer,” “locked monomer,” or “LNA monomer” is a nucleoside analogue having a bicyclic sugar, as further described herein below.

The terms “corresponding nucleoside analogue” and “corresponding nucleoside” indicate that the base moiety in the nucleoside analogue and the base moiety in the nucleoside are identical. For example, when the “nucleoside” contains a 2-deoxyribose sugar linked to an adenine, the “corresponding nucleoside analogue” contains, for example, a modified sugar linked to an adenine base moiety.

The terms “oligomer,” “oligomeric compound,” and “oligonucleotide” are used interchangeably in the context of the invention, and refer to a molecule formed by covalent linkage of two or more contiguous monomers by, for example, a phosphate group (forming a phosphodiester linkage between nucleosides) or a phosphorothioate group (forming a phosphorothioate linkage between nucleosides). The oligomer consists of, or comprises, 10-50 monomers, such as 10-30 monomers.

In some embodiments, an oligomer comprises nucleosides, or nucleoside analogues, or mixtures thereof as referred to herein. An “LNA oligomer” or “LNA oligonucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide containing one or more LNA monomers.

The terms “corresponding nucleoside analogue” and “corresponding nucleoside” indicate that the base moiety in the nucleoside analogue and the base moiety in the nucleoside are identical. For example, when the “nucleoside” contains a 2-deoxyribose sugar linked to an adenine, the “corresponding nucleoside analogue” contains, for example, a modified sugar linked to an adenine base moiety.

In some embodiments, an oligomer comprises nucleosides, or nucleoside analogues, or mixtures thereof as referred to herein. An “LNA oligomer” or “LNA oligonucleotide” refers to an oligonucleotide containing one or more LNA monomers.

Nucleoside analogues that are optionally included within oligomers may function similarly to corresponding nucleosides, or may have specific improved functions. Oligomers wherein some or all of the monomers are nucleoside analogues are often preferred over native forms because of several desirable properties of such oligomers, such as the ability to penetrate a cell membrane, good resistance to extra- and/or intracellular nucleases and high affinity and specificity for the nucleic acid target. LNA monomers are particularly preferred, for example, for conferring several of the above-mentioned properties.

In various embodiments, one or more nucleoside analogues present within the oligomer are “silent” or “equivalent” in function to the corresponding natural nucleoside, i.e., have no functional effect on the way the oligomer functions to inhibit target gene expression. Such “equivalent” nucleoside analogues are nevertheless useful if, for example, they are easier or cheaper to manufacture, or are more stable under storage or manufacturing conditions, or can incorporate a tag or label. Typically, however, the analogues will have a functional effect on the way in which the oligomer functions to inhibit expression; for example, by producing increased binding affinity to the target region of the target nucleic acid and/or increased resistance to intracellular nucleases and/or increased ease of transport into the cell.

Thus, in various embodiments, oligomers according to the invention comprise nucleoside monomers and at least one nucleoside analogue monomer, such as an LNA monomer, or other nucleoside analogue monomers.

The term “at least one” comprises the integers larger than or equal to 1, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 and so forth. In various embodiments, such as when referring to the nucleic acid or protein targets of the compounds of the invention, the term “at least one” includes the terms “at least two” and “at least three” and “at least four.” Likewise, in some embodiments, the term “at least two” comprises the terms “at least three” and “at least four.”

In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 contiguous monomers.

In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of 10-22 contiguous monomers, such as 12-18 contiguous monomers, such as 13-17 or 12-16 contiguous monomers, such as 13, 14, 15, 16 contiguous monomers.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14 contiguous monomers.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of no more than 22 monomers, such as no more than 20 monomers, such as no more than 18 monomers, such as 15, 16 or 17 monomers. In some embodiments, the oligomer of the invention comprises less than 20 monomers.

In various embodiments, the compounds of the invention do not comprise RNA monomers.

In various embodiments, the compounds according to the invention are linear molecules or are linear as synthesised. The oligomer, in such embodiments, is a single stranded molecule, and typically does not comprise short regions of, for example, at least 3, 4 or 5 contiguous monomers, which are complementary to another region within the same oligomer such that the oligomer forms an internal duplex. In some embodiments, the oligomer is essentially not double stranded, i.e., is not a siRNA.

In some embodiments, the oligomer of the invention consists of a contiguous stretch of monomers, the sequence of which is identified by a SEQ ID NO disclosed herein (see, e.g., Tables 2-5). In other embodiments, the oligomer comprises a first region, the region consisting of a contiguous stretch of monomers, and one or more additional regions which consist of at least one additional monomer. In some embodiments, the sequence of the first region is identified by a SEQ ID NO disclosed herein.

Gapmer Design

Typically, the oligomer of the invention is a gapmer.

A “gapmer” is an oligomer which comprises a contiguous stretch of monomers capable of recruiting an RNAse (e.g., such as RNAseH) as further described herein below, such as a region of at least 6 or 7 DNA monomers, referred to herein as region B, wherein region B is flanked both on its 5′ and 3′ ends by regions respectively referred to as regions A and C, each of regions A and C comprising or consisting of nucleoside analogues, such as affinity-enhancing nucleoside analogues, such as 1-6 nucleoside analogues.

Typically, the gapmer comprises regions, from 5′ to 3′, A-B-C, or optionally A-B-C-D or D-A-B-C, wherein: region A consists of or comprises at least one nucleoside analogue, such as at least one LNA monomer, such as 1-6 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers, and region B consists of or comprises at least five contiguous monomers which are capable of recruiting RNAse (when formed in a duplex with a complementary target region of the target RNA molecule, such as the mRNA target), such as DNA monomers; region C consists of or comprises at least one nucleoside analogue, such as at least one LNA monomer, such as 1-6 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers; and region D, when present, consists of or comprises 1, 2 or 3 monomers, such as DNA monomers.

In various embodiments, region A consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers, such as 2-5 nucleoside analogues, such as 2-5 LNA monomers, such as 3 or 4 nucleoside analogues, such as 3 or 4 LNA monomers; and/or region C consists of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers, such as 2-5 nucleoside analogues, such as 2-5 LNA monomers, such as 3 or 4 nucleoside analogues, such as 3 or 4 LNA monomers.

In certain embodiments, region B consists of or comprises 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 contiguous monomers which are capable of recruiting RNAse, or 6-10, or 7-9, such as 8 contiguous monomers which are capable of recruiting RNAse. In certain embodiments, region B consists of or comprises at least one DNA monomer, such as 1-12 DNA monomers, preferably 4-12 DNA monomers, more preferably 6-10 DNA monomers, such as 7-10 DNA monomers, most preferably 8, 9 or 10 DNA monomers.

In various embodiments, region A consists of 3 or 4 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers, region B consists of 7, 8, 9 or 10 DNA monomers, and region C consists of 3 or 4 nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers. Such designs include (A-B-C) 3-10-3, 3-10-4, 4-10-3, 3-9-3, 3-9-4, 4-9-3, 3-8-3, 3-8-4, 4-8-3, 3-7-3, 3-7-4, 4-7-3, and may further include region D, which may have one or 2 monomers, such as DNA monomers.

Further gapmer designs are disclosed in WO2004/046160, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

US provisional application, 60/977,409, hereby incorporated by reference, refers to ‘shortmer’ gapmer oligomers. In some embodiments, oligomers presented here may be such shortmer gapmers.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer consists of 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 contiguous monomers, wherein the regions of the oligomer have the pattern (5′-3′), A-B-C, or optionally A-B-C-D or D-A-B-C, wherein: region A consists of 1, 2 or 3 nucleoside analogue monomers, such as LNA monomers; region B consists of 7, 8 or 9 contiguous monomers which are capable of recruiting RNAse when formed in a duplex with a complementary RNA molecule (such as a mRNA target); and region C consists of 1, 2 or 3 nucleoside analogue monomers, such as LNA monomers. When present, region D consists of a single DNA monomer.

In certain embodiments, region A consists of 1 LNA monomer. In certain embodiments, region A consists of 2 LNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region A consists of 3 LNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region C consists of 1 LNA monomer. In certain embodiments, region C consists of 2 LNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region C consists of 3 LNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region B consists of 7 nucleoside monomers. In certain embodiments, region B consists of 8 nucleoside monomers. In certain embodiments, region B consists of 9 nucleoside monomers. In certain embodiments, region B comprises 1-9 DNA monomers, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 DNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region B consists of DNA monomers. In certain embodiments, region B comprises at least one LNA monomer which is in the alpha-L configuration, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 LNA monomers in the alpha-L-configuration. In certain embodiments, region B comprises at least one alpha-L-oxy LNA monomer. In certain embodiments, all the LNA monomers in region B that are in the alpha-L-configuration are alpha-L-oxy LNA units. In certain embodiments, the number of monomers present in the A-B-C regions are selected from the group consisting of (nucleoside analogue monomers—region B—nucleoside analogue monomers): 1-8-1, 1-8-2, 2-8-1, 2-8-2, 3-8-3, 2-8-3, 3-8-2, 4-8-1, 4-8-2, 1-8-4, 2-8-4, or; 1-9-1, 1-9-2, 2-9-1, 2-9-2, 2-9-3, 3-9-2, 1-9-3, 3-9-1, 4-9-1, 1-9-4, or; 1-10-1, 1-10-2, 2-10-1, 2-10-2, 1-10-3, 3-10-1. In certain embodiments, the number of monomers present in the A-B-C regions of the oligomer of the invention is selected from the group consisting of: 2-7-1, 1-7-2, 2-7-2, 3-7-3, 2-7-3, 3-7-2, 3-7-4, and 4-7-3. In certain embodiments, each of regions A and C consists of two LNA monomers, and region B consists of 8 or 9 nucleoside monomers, preferably DNA monomers.

In various embodiments, other gapmer designs include those where regions A and/or C consists of 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleoside analogues, such as monomers containing a 2′-O-methoxyethyl-ribose sugar (2′-MOE) or monomers containing a 2′-fluoro-deoxyribose sugar, and region B consists of 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 nucleosides, such as DNA monomers, where regions A-B-C have 5-10-5 or 4-12-4 monomers. Further gapmer designs are disclosed in WO 2007/146511A2, hereby incorporated by reference.

Internucleoside Linkages

The monomers of the oligomers described herein are coupled together via linkage groups. Suitably, each monomer is linked to the 3′ adjacent monomer via a linkage group.

The terms “linkage group” or “internucleoside linkage” means a group capable of covalently coupling together two contiguous monomers. Specific and preferred examples include phosphate groups (forming a phosphodiester between adjacent nucleoside monomers) and phosphorothioate groups (forming a phosphorothioate linkage between adjacent nucleoside monomers).

Suitable linkage groups include those listed in PCT/DK2006/000512, for example in the first paragraph of page 34 of PCT/DK2006/000512 (hereby incorporated by reference).

It is, in various embodiments, preferred to modify the linkage group from its normal phosphodiester to one that is more resistant to nuclease attack, such as phosphorothioate or boranophosphate—these two being cleavable by RNaseH, thereby permitting RNase-mediated antisense inhibition of expression of the target gene.

In some embodiments, suitable sulphur (S) containing linkage groups as provided herein are preferred. In various embodiments, phosphorothioate linkage groups are preferred, particularly for the gap region (B) of gapmers. In certain embodiments, phosphorothioate linkages are used to link together monomers in the flanking regions (A and C). In various embodiments, phosphorothioate linkages are used for linking regions A or C to region D, and for linking together monomers within region D.

In various embodiments, regions A, B and C, comprise linkage groups other than phosphorothioate, such as phosphodiester linkages, particularly, for instance when the use of nucleoside analogues protects the linkage groups within regions A and C from endo-nuclease degradation—such as when regions A and C comprise LNA monomers.

In various embodiments, adjacent monomers of the oligomer are linked to each other by means of phosphorothioate groups.

It is recognised that the inclusion of phosphodiester linkages, such as one or two linkages, into an oligomer with a phosphorothioate backbone, particularly with phosphorothioate linkage groups between or adjacent to nucleoside analogue monomers (typically in region A and/or C), can modify the bioavailability and/or bio-distribution of an oligomer—see WO2008/053314, hereby incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, such as the embodiments referred to above, where suitable and not specifically indicated, all remaining linkage groups are either phosphodiester or phosphorothioate, or a mixture thereof.

In some embodiments all the internucleoside linkage groups are phosphorothioate.

When referring to specific gapmer oligonucleotide sequences, such as those provided herein, it will be understood that, in various embodiments, when the linkages are phosphorothioate linkages, alternative linkages, such as those disclosed herein may be used, for example phosphate (phosphodiester) linkages may be used, particularly for linkages between nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers. Likewise, in various embodiments, when referring to specific gapmer oligonucleotide sequences, such as those provided herein, when one or more monomers in region C comprises a 5-methylcytosine base, other monomers in that region may contain unmodified cytosine bases.

Target Nucleic Acid

The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used interchangeably herein, and are defined as a molecule formed by covalent linkage of two or more monomers, as above-described. Including 2 or more monomers, “nucleic acids” may be of any length, and the term is generic to “oligomers”, which have the lengths described herein. The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” include single-stranded, double-stranded, partially double-stranded, and circular molecules.

The term “target nucleic acid”, as used herein, refers to DNA or RNA (e.g., mRNA or pre-mRNA) encoding a mammalian PIK3CA polypeptide, such as human PIK3CA, such as the nucleic acid having the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, and naturally occurring allelic variants of such nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a mouse PIK3CA polypeptide. In some embodiments, target nucleic acid refers to DNA or RNA that encodes a mammalian PIK3CA polypeptide and DNA or RNA that encodes a mammalian beta-catenin polypeptide. The oligomers of the invention are typically capable of hybridising to the target nucleic acid(s).

The term “naturally occurring variant thereof” refers to variants of the PIK3CA polypeptide or nucleic acid sequence which exist naturally within the defined taxonomic group, such as mammalian, such as mouse, monkey, and preferably human PIK3CA. Typically, when referring to “naturally occurring variants” of a polynucleotide the term also encompasses any allelic variant of the PIK3CA encoding genomic DNA which is found at the Chromosome 3 [Chr 3: 180.35-180.44 M bp] specifically [chr3:180, 349, 005-180, 435, 191 bp] (NCBI reference sequence annotation) (3q26.3) by chromosomal translocation or duplication, and the RNA, such as mRNA, derived therefrom. “Naturally occurring variants” may also include variants derived from alternative splicing of the PIK3CA mRNA. When referenced to a specific polypeptide sequence, e.g., the term also includes naturally occurring forms of the protein which may therefore be processed, e.g. by co- or post-translational modifications, such as signal peptide cleavage, proteolytic cleavage, glycosylation, etc. In certain embodiments, variant target nucleic acids, have at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% sequence homology (also, identity) to wild-type PIK3CA. Typically, an oligomer of the invention corresponding to (i.e., that is complementary to and binds to) a target region that contains one or more mutations compared to the wild-type PIK3CA sequence is still capable of down-regulating PIK3CA expression. In certain embodiments, the mutation is “silent” (i.e. is not associated with an altered phenotype or disease). In various embodiments, the mutation is “functional” (i.e., disease-associated). In various embodiments, the naturally occurring variant is an allelic variant thereof, such as the PIK3CA variants listed on http://www.sanger.ac.uk/perl/genetics/CGP/cosmic?action=gene&amp;In=PIK3CA (hereby incorporated by reference).

Particular variants of PIK3CA, which in some embodiments are targeted by the oligomers of the invention, contain spontaneous point mutations which are associated with hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer. In certain embodiments, such point mutations are those which result in amino acid substitutions at positions E542, E545 or H1047, such as point mutations which result in the amino acid substitutions E542K, E545K or H1047R. By designing oligomers which target (e.g., are fully complementary to) one or more target regions of PIK3CA mRNA which comprises such a point mutation, in certain embodiments, oligomers of the invention preferentially down-regulate (i.e., by inhibiting) the expression of such variant forms of PIK3CA mRNA. In certain embodiments, the oligomers that target these variant forms of PIK3CA selectively down-regulate one or more variant PIK3CA mRNAs (e.g., those having mutations at positions E542, E545 or H1047) that are associated with a cancer phenotype.

In certain embodiments, the PIK3CA gene or mRNA target nucleic acid comprises a target region containing a single base substitution at position 1781, 1790 or 3297 of SEQ ID NO 1. In such embodiments, the nucleobase of the monomer at position 1781 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is other than G (e.g., A, C or T/U) the nucleobase of the monomer at position 1790 is other than G, or the nucleobase of the monomer at position 3297 is other than A.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention comprises a sequence that is fully complementary to a target region that includes a point mutation at position 1781 of SEQ ID NO: 1. In these embodiments, the nucleobase of the monomer in the oligomer that base-pairs with the nucleobase of the monomer at position 1781 of SEQ ID NO: 1 is not C (e.g., the oligomer is not fully complementary to the wild-type target region. In other embodiments, the oligomer of the invention comprises one mismatch when compared to the best aligned target region of SEQ ID NO: 1 that includes a point mutation at position 1781 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention comprises a sequence that is fully complementary to a target region that includes a point mutation at position 1790 of SEQ ID NO 1. In these embodiments, the nucleobase of the monomer of the oligomer that base-pairs with the nucleobase of the monomer at position 1790 in SEQ ID NO: 1 is not C (e.g., the oligomer is not fully complementary to the wild-type target region. In other embodiments, the oligomer comprises one mismatch when compared to the best-aligned target region of SEQ ID NO: 1 that includes a point mutation at position 1790 of SEQ ID NO: 1.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention comprises a sequence that is fully complementary to a target region that includes a point mutation at position 3297 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the nucleobase of the monomer of the oligomer which base-pairs with the nucleobase of the monomer at position 3297 is not T (e.g., the oligomer is not fully complementary to the wild-type target region). In other embodiments, the oligomer of the invention comprises one mismatch when compared to the best-aligned target region of SEQ ID NO: 1 that includes a point mutation at position 3297.

In some embodiments, for example when used in research or diagnostics, the “target nucleic acid” is a cDNA or a synthetic oligonucleotide derived from the above DNA or RNA nucleic acid targets. It will be recognised that the nucleic acid having the sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 is a cDNA, and as such, has the same base sequence as the mature mRNA target, although uracil (U) bases are replaced by thymidine (T) bases in the cDNA.

In certain embodiments, oligomers described herein bind to a region of the target nucleic acid (the “target region”) by either Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between the monomers of the oligomer and monomers of the target nucleic acid. Such binding is also referred to as “hybridisation.” Unless otherwise indicated, binding is by Watson-Crick pairing of complementary bases (i.e., adenine with thymine (DNA) or uracil (RNA), and guanine with cytosine), and the oligomer binds to the target region because the sequence of the oligomer is identical to, or partially-identical to, the sequence of the reverse complement of the target region; for purposes herein, the oligomer is said to be “complementary” or “partially complementary” to the target region, and the percentage of “complementarity” of the oligomer sequence to that of the target region is the percentage “identity” to the reverse complement of the sequence of the target region.

Unless otherwise made clear by context, the “target region” herein will be the region of the target nucleic acid having the sequence that best aligns with the reverse complement of the sequence of the specified oligomer (or region thereof), using the alignment program and parameters described herein below.

In determining the degree of “complementarity” between oligomers of the invention (or regions thereof) and the target region of the nucleic acid which encodes mammalian PIK3CA, such as those disclosed herein, the degree of “complementarity” (also, “homology”) is expressed as the percentage identity between the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) and the reverse complement of the sequence of the target region that best aligns therewith. The percentage is calculated by counting the number of aligned bases that are identical as between the 2 sequences, dividing by the total number of contiguous monomers in the oligomer, and multiplying by 100. In such a comparison, if gaps exist, it is preferable that such gaps are merely mismatches rather than areas where the number of monomers within the gap differs between the oligomer of the invention and the target region.

Amino acid and polynucleotide alignments, percentage sequence identity, and degree of complementarity may be determined for purposes of the invention using the ClustalW algorithm using standard settings: see http://www.ebi.ac.uk/emboss/align/index.html, Method: EMBOSS::water (local): Gap Open=10.0, Gap extend=0.5, using Blosum 62 (protein), or DNAfull for nucleoside/nucleobase sequences.

As will be understood, depending on context, “mismatch” refers to a non-identity in sequence (as, for example, between the nucleobase sequence of an oligomer and the reverse complement of the target region to which it binds; as for example, between the base sequence of two aligned PIK3CA encoding nucleic acids), or to noncomplementarity in sequence (as, for example, between an oligomer and the target region to which binds).

Suitably the oligomer of the invention or conjugate thereof is capable of down-regulating (i.e., by inhibiting) expression of the PIK3CA gene. In various embodiments, the oligomer of the invention can effect the inhibition of PIK3CA, typically in a mammalian cell, such as a human cell. In certain embodiments, the oligomers of the invention or conjugates thereof bind to the target nucleic acid and effect inhibition of expression of at least 10% or 20% compared to the expression level of PIK3CA in a cell immediately prior to dosing of the oligomer, more preferably at least a 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% inhibition compared to the expression level of PIK3CA in a cell immediately prior to dosing of the oligomer. In some embodiments, such inhibition is seen when using from about 0.04 nM to about 25 nM, such as from about 0.8 nM to about 20 nM concentration of the oligomer or conjugate.

In various embodiments, the inhibition of expression is less than 100% (i.e., less than complete inhibition of expression), such as less than 98% inhibition, less than 95% inhibition, less than 90% inhibition, less than 80% inhibition, such as less than 70% inhibition. In various embodiments, modulation of gene expression level can be determined by measuring protein levels, e.g. by methods such as SDS-PAGE followed by western blotting using suitable antibodies raised against the target protein. Alternatively, in certain embodiments, modulation of PIK3CA expression levels can be determined by measuring levels of mRNA, e.g. by northern blotting or quantitative RT-PCR. When measuring via mRNA levels, the level of down-regulation when using an appropriate dosage, such as from about 0.04 nM to about 25 nM, such as from about 0.8 nM to about 20 nM concentration, is, in some embodiments, typically to a level of 10-20% the expression levels in the absence of the compound or conjugate of the invention.

The invention therefore provides a method of down-regulating (e.g., by inhibiting) the expression of PIK3CA protein and/or mRNA in a cell which is expressing PIK3CA protein and/or mRNA, the method comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of an oligomer or conjugate according to the invention to down-regulate or inhibit the expression of PIK3CA protein and/or mRNA in the cell. Suitably, the cell is a mammalian cell such as a human cell. The administration may occur, in some embodiments, in vitro. The administration may occur, in some embodiments, in vivo.

Alternatively, in certain embodiments, the invention provides for a method of inhibiting PIK3CA and beta-catenin in a cell which is expressing both PIK3CA and beta-catenin, the method comprising contacting the cell in vitro or in vivo with an effective amount of an oligomer, or a conjugate according to the invention to effect the inhibition of PIK3CA and beta-catenin expression in the cell. Suitably, the oligomer which is capable of inhibiting or down-regulating both PIK3CA and beta-catenin in a cell has significant identity to the reverse complement of a target region of a PIK3CA nucleic acid and to the reverse complement of a target region of a beta-catenin nucleic acid, such as an oligomer with the sequence of nucleobases set forth in SEQ ID NO: 82.

Oligomer Sequences

In certain embodiments, the oligomers of the invention have sequences that are identical to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2-16, 17-28, 110-124, 125-136, 149-159 and 160. In various embodiments, the oligomers of the invention have base sequences that are selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 29-55 and 56-148. In various embodiments, the oligomer has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67 or SEQ ID NO: 77. Further provided are target nucleic acids (e.g., DNA or mRNA encoding AR) that contain target regions that are complementary or partially-complementary to one or more of the oligomers of the invention. In certain embodiments, the oligomers bind to variants of PIK3CA target regions, such as allelic variants. In some embodiments, a variant of PIK3CA target region has at least 60%, more preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95% sequence identity to the target region in wild-type PIK3CA. Thus, in other embodiments, the oligomers of the invention have sequences that differ in 1, 2 or 3 bases when compared to a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 2-16, 17-28, 110-124, 125-136, 149-159 and 160. Typically, an oligomer of the invention that binds to a variant of a PIK3CA target region is capable of inhibiting (e.g., by down-regulating) PIK3CA.

In other embodiments, oligomers of the invention are LNA oligomers, for example, those oligomers having the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 29-104 and 137-148. In various embodiments, the oligomers of the invention are potent inhibitors of PIK3CA mRNA and protein expression. In various embodiments, oligomers of the invention are LNA oligomers having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 67 or SEQ ID NO: 77.

In various embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of a region having a base sequence which is identical or partially identical to the sequence of the reverse complement of a target region in SEQ ID NO: 1. In various embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of a region having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2-16, 17-28, 110-124, 125-136, 149-159 and 160.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer comprises or consists of a region having a base sequence which is fully complementary (perfectly complementary) to a target region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA.

However, in some embodiments, the oligomer includes 1, 2, 3, or 4 (or more) mismatches as compared to the best-aligned target region of a PIK3CA target nucleic acid, and still sufficiently binds to the target region to effect inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA or protein expression. The destabilizing effect of mismatches on Watson-Crick hydrogen-bonded duplex may, for example, be compensated by increased length of the oligomer and/or an increased number of nucleoside analogues, such as LNA monomers, present within the oligomer.

In various embodiments, the oligomer base sequence comprises no more than 3, such as no more than 2 mismatches compared to the base sequence of the best-aligned target region of, for example, a target nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA.

In some embodiments, the oligomer base sequence comprises no more than a single mismatch when compared to the base sequence of the best-aligned target region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA.

In various embodiments, the base sequence of the oligomer of the invention, or of a first region thereof, is preferably at least 80% identical to a base sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2-16, 17-28, 110-124, 125-136, 149-159 and 160, such as at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96% identical, such as 100% identical.

In certain embodiments, the base sequence of the oligomer of the invention or of a first region thereof is at least 80% identical to the base sequence of the reverse complement of a target region present in SEQ ID NO: 1, such as at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92% at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96% identical, at least 97% identical, at least 98% identical, at least 99% identical, such as 100% identical.

In various embodiments, the base sequence of the oligomer of the invention, or of a first region thereof, is preferably at least 80% complementary to a target region of SEQ ID NO: 1, such as at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96% complementary, at least 97% complementary, at least 98% complementary, at least 99% complementary, such as 100% complementary (perfectly complementary).

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or a first region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 28, or is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOS: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 28. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a first region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 and 28,or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 28, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 and 136, or is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer of the invention (or of a first region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 28, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 or 136, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 and 160 or is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 and 160. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a first region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 or 160, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 131, 132 and 136, or the sequence is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOs: 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 131, 132 and 136, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 122, 131, 132 or 136, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 153, 154, 157, and 158, or the sequence is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 153, 154, 157, and 158, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer of the invention (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 153, 154, 157, or 158, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 23, 24 and 28, or the sequence is selected from the group of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 23, 24 and 28, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 23, 24 or 28, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 151, 152, 155, 156, 159 and 160; or the sequence is selected from the group of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NOs: 151, 152, 155, 156, 159 and 160, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 151, 152, 155, 156, 159 and 160, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 57, 60, 64, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 87, 90 and 96, or the sequence is selected from the group of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NO: 57, 60, 64, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 87, 90 and 96, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NO: 57, 60, 64, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 87, 90 and 96, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 87, 90 and 96, or the sequence is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NO: 87, 90 and 96, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In other embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or of a region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NO: 87, 90 and 96, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104, or the sequence is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104, such as the sequence of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof. In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer of the invention (or of a first region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In certain embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer (or region thereof) is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100 and 104, or the sequence is selected from the group consisting of at least 10 contiguous monomers of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100 and 104. In various embodiments, the sequence of the oligomer of the invention (or of a first region thereof) comprises one, two, or three base moieties that differ from those in oligomers having sequences of SEQ ID NO: 99, 100 and 104, or the sequences of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, when optimally aligned with the selected sequence or region thereof.

In certain embodiments, the monomer region consists of 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 contiguous monomers, such as 12-22, such as 12-18 monomers. Suitably, in some embodiments, the region is of the same length as the oligomer of the invention.

In various embodiments, the oligomer comprises additional monomers at the 5′ or 3′ ends, such as, independently, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 additional monomers at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends of the oligomer, which are non-complementary to the target region. In various embodiments, the oligomer of the invention comprises a region which is complementary to the target which is flanked 5′ and/or 3′ by additional monomers. In some embodiments, the additional monomers at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends are DNA or RNA monomers. In some embodiments, the additional monomers at the 5′ and/or 3′ ends may represent region D as referred to in the context of gapmer oligomers herein.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 2, such as SEQ ID NO 56, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 3, such as SEQ ID NOs: 57, 58 or 59, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 4, such as SEQ ID NOs: 60, 61 and 62, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 5, such as SEQ ID NO: 63, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 6, such as SEQ ID NO 64, 65 and 66, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 7, such as SEQ ID NOs: 67, 68 or 69, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 8, such as SEQ ID NOs: 70, 71 or 72, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 9, such as SEQ ID NO: 73, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 10, such as SEQ ID NOs: 74, 75 or 76, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 11, such as SEQ ID NOs: 77, 78 or 79, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 12, such as SEQ ID NO: 80, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 13, such as SEQ ID NO: 81, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 14, such as SEQ ID NOs: 82, 83, or 84, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 15, such as SEQ ID NO: 85, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 16, such as SEQ ID NO: 86, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 17, such as SEQ ID NOs: 87, 88 or 89, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 18, such as SEQ ID NOs: 90, 91 or 92, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 19, such as SEQ ID NO: 93, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 20, such as SEQ ID NO: 94, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 21, such as SEQ ID NO: 95, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 22, such as SEQ ID NOs: 96, 97 or 98, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 23, such as SEQ ID NOs: 99, 137 or 138, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 24, such as SEQ ID NOs: 100, 139 or 140, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 25, such as SEQ ID NOs: 101, 141 or 142, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 26, such as SEQ ID NOs: 102, 143 or 144, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 27, such as SEQ ID NOs: 103, 145 or 146, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 28, such as SEQ ID NOs: 104, 147 or 148 or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises contiguous monomers having a base sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159 and 160, as shown below in Table 1, or according to a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers thereof, such as 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers thereof.

TABLE 1 Oligomers Targeted to Variant PIK3CA Nucleic Acids SEQ ID NO: 149* GCTCAGTGATTTXAGAGAGAGGAT SEQ ID NO: 150* TTTCTCCTGCTXAGTGATTTCAGA SEQ ID NO: 151* GATTTXAGAGAGAGGA SEQ ID NO: 152* AGTGATTTXAGAGAGA SEQ ID NO: 153* ATCTTTCTCCTGCTXAGTGATTTC SEQ ID NO: 154* CAGTGATTTXAGAGAGAGGATCTC SEQ ID NO: 155* TCCTGCTXAGTGATTT SEQ ID NO: 156* TTCTCCTGCTXAGTGA SEQ ID NO: 157† AGCCACCATGAXGTGCATCATTCA SEQ ID NO: 158† TCCAGCCACCATGAXGTGCATCAT SEQ ID NO: 159† GCCACCATGAXGTGCA SEQ ID NO: 160† ACCATGAXGTGCATCA *Where X is not C (i.e., X is A, G or T, preferably T). †Where X is not T (i.e., X is A, G or C, preferably C).

In some embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention consists of or comprises monomers having a nucleobase sequence selected from the following (5′-3′):

(G)(A)(T)TTXAG(A)(G)(A)(G), wherein the monomers in parentheses are optionally present, and wherein X is not C (i.e., X is A, G or T, preferably T), for example, as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 149-152;

(C)(T)(G)CTXAG(T)(G)(G), wherein the monomers in parentheses are optionally present, and wherein X is not C (i.e., X is A, G or T, preferably T), for example, as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 153-156; and

(C)(A)(T)GAXGT(G)(C)(A), wherein the monomers in parentheses are optionally present, and wherein X is not T (i.e., X is A, G or C, preferably C), for example, as shown in SEQ ID NOs: 157-160.

In certain embodiments, X is in region B (of a gapmer or shortmer), and is, e.g., a DNA monomer. Suitably, X is positioned at the center of region B. In various embodiments, X is in region B and is flanked on the 5′ end by at least 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional monomers of region B and/or is independently flanked on the 3′ end by at least 1, 2, 3 or 4 additional monomers of region B. In some embodiments, X is not within regions A, C or, where present, D. In other embodiments, X is within region B, but is not immediately adjacent to the monomers of regions A or C.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer or region thereof, comprises one or more base mismatches when compared to the sequence of the best-aligned target region of a nucleic acid which encodes the PIK3CA polypeptide.

In various embodiments, the oligomer of the invention does not comprise more than four, such as not more than three, such as not more than two, such as not more than one base mismatch, when compared to the sequence of the best-aligned target region of a nucleic acid which encodes the PIK3CA polypeptide, such as the target nucleic acid having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or naturally occurring variants thereof. In certain embodiments, naturally occurring variants are allelic variants and spontaneous variants, such as nucleic acids which code for one or more of the following amino acid mutations: E524K, E545K, or H1047R, such as nucleic acids which code for one of the following amino acid mutations: G1781A, G1790A or A3297G (the amino acid residue in front of the position refers to the wild-type amino acid, the letter after the position refers to the amino acid residue in a PIK3CA mutant).

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method for the preparation of an oligomer for the down-regulation of a target mRNA associated with cancer cells, such as a PIK3CA mRNA target, the method comprising the steps of:

(a) identifying a single point mutation present in the target region of a target mRNA associated with cancer, wherein the single point mutation is present in cancer cells but is absent in non-cancer cells; and

(b) preparing an oligomer which comprises a region of contiguous monomers having a base sequence that is identical to the base sequence of the reverse complement of the target region of the target mRNA.

Suitably, the single point mutation is associated with cancer, such as the PIK3CA point mutations referred to herein.

Suitably, the oligomer is a gapmer or shortmer oligonucleotide as described herein (although not limited necessarily to the oligomers targeting PIK3CA). As referred to herein, in one embodiment, the monomer of the oligomer comprising the nucleobase that is complementary to the single point mutation in the mRNA target region is in region B.

In certain embodiments, the oligomers of the invention a target region of the mRNA target nucleic acid which comprises a point mutation associated with a cancer phenotype. In these embodiments, the oligomers of the invention suitably have a lower binding affinity to a target region of a target mRNA having a wild-type sequence, such as a PIK3CA mRNA found in non-cancerous cells, thereby selectively down-regulating (e.g., by inhibiting) the variant target nucleic acid in cancerous cells and having less effect on the wild-type target nucleic acid in non-cancerous cells.

Nucleosides and Nucleoside Analogues

In various embodiments, at least one of the monomers present in the oligomer is a nucleoside analogue that contains a modified base, such as a base selected from 5-methylcytosine, isocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-bromouracil, 5-propynyluracil, 6-aminopurine, 2-aminopurine, inosine, diaminopurine, 2-chloro-6-aminopurine, xanthine and hypoxanthine.

In various embodiments, at least one of the monomers present in the oligomer is a nucleoside analogue that contains a modified sugar.

In some embodiments, the linkage between at least 2 contiguous monomers of the oligomer is other than a phosphodiester linkage.

In certain embodiments, the oligomer includes at least one monomer that has a modified base, at least one monomer (which may be the same monomer) that has a modified sugar and at least one inter-monomer linkage that is non-naturally occurring.

Specific examples of nucleoside analogues are described by e.g. Freier & Altmann; Nucl. Acid Res., 1997, 25, 4429-4443 and Uhlmann; Curr. Opinion in Drug Development, 2000, 3(2), 293-213, and in Scheme 1 (in which some nucleoside analogues are shown as nucleotides):

The oligomer may thus comprise or consist of a simple sequence of natural occurring nucleosides—preferably 2DNA monomers, but also possibly RNA monomers, or a combination of nucleosides and one or more nucleoside analogues. In some embodiments, the nucleoside analogues enhance the affinity of the oligomer for the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Examples of suitable and preferred nucleoside analogues are provided by PCT/DK2006/000512, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, or are referenced therein.

In some embodiments, the nucleoside analogue comprises a sugar moiety modified to provide a 2′-substituent group, such as 2′-O-alkyl-ribose sugars, 2′-amino-deoxyribose sugars, and 2′-fluoro-deoxyribose sugars.

In some embodiments, the nucleoside analogue comprises a sugar in which a bridged structure, creating a bicyclic sugar (LNA), which enhances binding affinity and may also provide some increased nuclease resistance. In various embodiments, the LNA monomer is selected from oxy-LNA (such as beta-D-oxy-LNA, and alpha-L-oxy-LNA), and/or amino-LNA (such as beta-D-amino-LNA and alpha-L-amino-LNA) and/or thio-LNA (such as beta-D-thio-LNA and alpha-L-thio-LNA) and/or ENA (such as beta-D-ENA and alpha-L-ENA). In certain embodiments, the LNA monomers are beta-D-oxy-LNA. LNA monomers are further described below.

In various embodiments, incorporation of affinity-enhancing nucleoside analogues in the oligomer, such as LNA monomers or monomers containing 2′-substituted sugars, or incorporation of modified linkage groups provides increased nuclease resistance. In various embodiments, incorporation of affinity-enhancing nucleoside analogues allows the size of the oligomer to be reduced, and also reduces the size of the oligomer that binds specifically to a target region of a target sequence.

In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises at least 2 nucleoside analogues. In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises from 3-8 nucleoside analogues, e.g. 6 or 7 nucleoside analogues. In various embodiments, at least one of the nucleoside analogues is a locked nucleic acid (LNA) monomer; for example at least 3 or at least 4, or at least 5, or at least 6, or at least 7, or 8, nucleoside analogues are LNA monomers. In some embodiments, all the nucleoside analogues are LNA monomers.

It will be recognised that when referring to a preferred oligomer base sequence, in certain embodiments, the oligomers comprise a corresponding nucleoside analogue, such as a corresponding LNA monomer or other corresponding nucleoside analogue, which raise the duplex stability (T_(m)) of the oligomer/target region duplex (i.e. affinity enhancing nucleoside analogues).

In various embodiments, any mismatches (i.e., non-complementarities) between the base sequence of the oligomer and the base sequence of the target region, if present, are preferably located other than in the regions of the oligomer that contain affinity-enhancing nucleoside analogues (e.g., regions A or C), such as within region B as referred to herein, and/or within region D as referred to herein, and/or in regions consisting of DNA monomers, and/or in regions which are 5′ or 3′ to the region of the oligomer that is complementary to the target region.

In some embodiments the nucleoside analogues present within the oligomer of the invention (such as in regions A and C mentioned herein) are independently selected from, for example: monomers containing 2′-O-alkyl-ribose sugars, monomers containing 2′-amino-deoxyribose sugars, monomers containing 2′-fluoro-deoxyribose sugars, LNA monomers, monomers containing arabinose sugars (“ANA monomers”), monomers containing 2′-fluoro-arabinose sugars, monomers containing d-arabino-hexitol sugars (“HNA monomers”), intercalating monomers as defined in Christensen (2002) Nucl. Acids. Res. 30: 4918-4925, hereby incorporated by reference, and 2′-O-methoxyethyl-ribose (2′MOE) sugars. In some embodiments, there is only one of the above types of nucleoside analogues present in the oligomer of the invention, or region thereof.

In certain embodiments, the nucleoside analogues contain 2′MOE sugars, 2′-fluoro-deoxyribose sugars, or LNA sugars, and as such the oligonucleotide of the invention may comprise nucleoside analogues which are independently selected from these three types. In certain oligomer embodiments containing nucleoside analogues, at least one of said nucleoside analogues contains a 2′-MOE-ribose sugar, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleoside analogues containing 2′-MOE-ribose sugars. In some embodiments, at least one nucleoside analogue contains a 2′-fluoro-deoxyribose sugar, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 nucleoside analogues containing 2′-fluoro-DNA nucleoside sugars.

In various embodiments, the oligomer according to the invention comprises at least one Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) monomer, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 LNA monomers, such as 3-7 or 4 to 8 LNA monomers, or 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 LNA monomers. In various embodiments, all the nucleoside analogues are LNA monomers. In certain embodiments, the oligomer comprises both beta-D-oxy-LNA monomers, and one or more of the following LNA monomers: thio-LNA monomers, amino-LNA monomers, oxy-LNA monomers, and/or ENA monomers in either the beta-D or alpha-L configurations, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the cytosine base moieties of all LNA monomers in the oligomer are 5-methylcytosines. In certain embodiments of the invention, the oligomer comprises both LNA and DNA monomers. Typically, the combined total of LNA and DNA monomers is 10-25, preferably 10-20, even more preferably 12-16. In some embodiments of the invention, the oligomer or region thereof consists of at least one LNA monomer, and the remaining monomers are DNA monomers. In certain embodiments, the oligomer comprises only LNA monomers and nucleosides (such as RNA or DNA monomers, most preferably DNA monomers) optionally with modified linkage groups such as phosphorothioate.

In various embodiments, at least one of the nucleoside analogues present in the oligomer has a modified base selected from the group consisting of 5-methylcytosine, isocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-bromouracil, 5-propynyluracil, 6-aminopurine, 2-aminopurine, inosine, diaminopurine, and 2-chloro-6-aminopurine.

LNA

The term “LNA monomer” refers to a nucleoside analogue containing a bicyclic sugar (an “LNA sugar”). The terms “LNA oligonucleotide” and “LNA oligomer” refer to an oligomer containing one or more LNA monomers.

The LNA used in the oligonucleotide compounds of the invention preferably has the structure of the general formula I

wherein X is selected from —O—, —S—, —N(R^(N)*)—, —C(R⁶R⁶*)—;

B is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₄-alkoxy, optionally substituted C₁₋₄-alkyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₄-acyloxy, nucleobases, DNA intercalators, photochemically active groups, thermochemically active groups, chelating groups, reporter groups, and ligands;

P designates the radical position for an internucleoside linkage to a succeeding monomer, or a 5′-terminal group, such internucleoside linkage or 5′-terminal group optionally including the substituent R⁵ or equally applicable the substituent R⁵*;

P* designates an internucleoside linkage to a preceding monomer, or a 3′-terminal group;

R⁴* and R²* together designate a biradical consisting of 1-4 groups/atoms selected from —C(R^(a)R^(b))—, —C(R^(a))═C(R^(b))—, —C(R^(a))═N—, —O—, —Si(R^(a))₂—, —S—, —SO₂—, —N(R^(a))—, and >C=Z,

wherein Z is selected from —O—, —S—, and —N(R^(a))—, and R^(a) and R^(b) each is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxy, C₂₋₁₂-alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₁₂-alkenyloxy, carboxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₁₂-alkylcarbonyl, formyl, aryl, aryloxy-carbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy-carbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylcarbonyl, amino, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)-amino-carbonyl, amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl- aminocarbonyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl-aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆-alkyl-carbonylamino, carbamido, C₁₋₆-alkanoyloxy, sulphono, C₁₋₆-alkylsulphonyloxy, nitro, azido, sulphanyl, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, halogen, DNA intercalators, photochemically active groups, thermochemically active groups, chelating groups, reporter groups, and ligands, where aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted and where two geminal substituents R^(a) and R^(b) together may designate optionally substituted methylene (═CH₂), and each of the substituents R¹*, R², R³, R⁵, R⁵*, R⁶ and R⁶*, which are present is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂-alkynyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxy, C₂₋₁₂-alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₁₂-alkenyloxy, carboxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxycarbonyl, C₂₋₁₂-alkylcarbonyl, formyl, aryl, aryloxy-carbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, hetero-aryloxy-carbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylcarbonyl, amino, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)-amino-carbonyl, amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl-aminocarbonyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl-aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆-alkyl-carbonylamino, carbamido, C₁₋₆-alkanoyloxy, sulphono, C₁₋₆-alkylsulphonyloxy, nitro, azido, sulphanyl, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, halogen, DNA intercalators, photochemically active groups, thermochemically active groups, chelating groups, reporter groups, and ligands, where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted, and where two geminal substituents together may designate oxo, thioxo, imino, or optionally substituted methylene, or together may form a spiro biradical consisting of a 1-5 carbon atom(s) alkylene chain which is optionally interrupted and/or terminated by one or more heteroatoms/groups selected from —O—, —S—, and —(NR^(N))— where R^(N) is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄-alkyl, and where two adjacent (non-geminal) substituents may designate an additional bond resulting in a double bond; and R^(N)*, when present and not involved in a biradical, is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄-alkyl; and basic salts and acid addition salts thereof;

In some embodiments R⁵* is selected from H, —CH₃, —CH₂—CH₃, —CH₂—O—CH₃, and —CH═CH₂.

In various embodiments, R⁴* and R²* together designate a biradical selected from —C(R^(a)R^(b))—O—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—O—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—C(R^(e)R^(f))—O—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—O—C(R^(c)R^(d))—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—O—C(R^(c)R^(d))—O—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—C(R^(e)R^(f))—, —C(R^(a))═C(R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—N(R^(c))—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—N(R^(e))—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—N(R^(c))—O—, and —C(R^(a)R^(b))—S—, —C(R^(a)R^(b))—C(R^(c)R^(d))—S—, wherein R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), and R^(f) each is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂-alkyl, optionally substituted C₂₋₁₂-alkenyl, optionally substituted C₁₋₁₂-alkynyl, hydroxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxy, C₂₋₁₂-alkoxyalkyl, C₂₋₁₂-alkenyloxy, carboxy, C₁₋₁₂-alkoxycarbonyl, C₁₋₁₂-alkylcarbonyl, formyl, aryl, aryloxy-carbonyl, aryloxy, arylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy-carbonyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylcarbonyl, amino, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino, carbamoyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)-amino-carbonyl, amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl-aminocarbonyl, mono- and di(C₁₋₆-alkyl)amino-C₁₋₆-alkyl-aminocarbonyl, C₁₋₆-alkyl-carbonylamino, carbamido, C₁₋₆-alkanoyloxy, sulphono, C₁₋₆-alkylsulphonyloxy, nitro, azido, sulphanyl, C₁₋₆-alkylthio, halogen, DNA intercalators, photochemically active groups, thermochemically active groups, chelating groups, reporter groups, and ligands, where aryl and heteroaryl may be optionally substituted and where two geminal substituents R^(a) and R^(b) together may designate optionally substituted methylene (═CH₂),

In a further embodiment R⁴* and R²* together designate a biradical (bivalent group) selected from —CH₂—O—, —CH₂—S—, —CH₂—NH—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—O—, —CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, —CH₂—CH₂—S—, —CH₂—CH₂—NH—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—, —CH₂-CH₂—CH₂—O—, —CH₂—CH₂—CH(CH₃)—, —CH═CH—CH₂—, —CH₂—O—CH₂—O—, —CH₂—NH—O—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—, —CH₂—O—CH₂—, —CH(CH₃)—O—, —CH(CH₂—O—CH₃)—O—.

For all chiral centers, asymmetric groups may be found in either R or S orientation.

Preferably, the LNA monomer used in the oligomer of the invention comprises at least one LNA monomer according to any of the formulas

wherein Y is —O—, —O—CH₂—, —S—, —NH—, or N(R^(H)); Z and Z* are independently selected among an internucleoside linkage, a terminal group or a protecting group; B constitutes a natural or non-natural base moiety, and R^(H) is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄-alkyl.

Specifically preferred LNA monomers are shown in Scheme 2:

The term “thio-LNA” refers to an LNA monomer in which Y in the general formula above is selected from S or —CH₂—S—. Thio-LNA can be in either the beta-D or the alpha-L-configuration.

The term “amino-LNA” refers to an LNA monomer in which Y in the general formula above is selected from —N(H)—, N(R)—, CH₂—N(H)—, and —CH₂—NR)— where R is selected from hydrogen and C₁₋₄-alkyl. Amino-LNA can be in either the beta-D or the alpha-L-configuration.

The term “oxy-LNA” refers to an LNA monomer in which Y in the general formula above represents —O— or —CH₂—O—. Oxy-LNA can be in either the beta-D or the alpha-L-configuration.

The term “ENA” refers to an LNA monomer in which Y in the general formula above is —CH₂—O— (where the oxygen atom of —CH₂—O— is attached to the 2′-position relative to the base B).

In a preferred embodiment the LNA monomer is selected from a beta-D-oxy-LNA monomer, an alpha-L-oxy-LNA monomer, a beta-D-amino-LNA monomer and beta-D-thio-LNA monomer, in particular a beta-D-oxy-LNA monomer.

In the present context, the term C₁₋₄-alkyl means a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain wherein the chain has from one to four carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl and tert-butyl.

RNAse H Recruitment

In some embodiments, the oligomer functions via non-RNase-mediated degradation of a target mRNA, such as by steric hindrance of translation, or other mechanisms; however, in various embodiments, the oligomers of the invention are capable of recruiting an endoribonuclease (RNase), such as RNase H.

Typically, the oligomer comprises of a region of at least 6, such as at least 7 contiguous monomers, such as at least 8 or at least 9 contiguous monomers, including 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16 contiguous monomers, which, when forming a duplex with the target region of the target RNA, is capable of recruiting RNase. The region of the oligomer which is capable of recruiting RNAse may be region B, as referred to in the context of a gapmer as described herein. In some embodiments, the region of the oligomer which is capable of recruiting RNAse, such as region B, consists of 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 monomers.

EP 1 222 309 provides in vitro methods for determining RNaseH activity, which may be used to determine the ability of the oligomers of the invention to recruit RNaseH. An oligomer is deemed capable of recruiting RNase H if, when contacted with the complementary region of the RNA target, it has an initial rate, as measured in pmol/1/min, of at least 1%, such as at least 5%, such as at least 10% or less than 20% of an oligonucleotide having the same base sequence but containing only DNA monomers, with no 2′ substitutions, with phosphorothioate linkage groups between all monomers in the oligonucleotide, using the methodology provided in Examples 91-95 of EP 1 222 309, incorporated herein by reference.

In some embodiments, an oligomer is deemed essentially incapable of recruiting RNaseH if, when contacted with the target region of the RNA target, and RNaseH, the RNaseH initial rate, as measured in pmol/1/min, is less than 1%, such as less than 5%,such as less than 10% or less than 20% of the initial rate determined using an oligonucleotide having the same base sequence, but containing only DNA monomers, with no 2′ substitutions, with phosphorothioate linkage groups between all monomers in the oligonucleotide, using the methodology provided in Examples 91-95 of EP 1 222 309.

In other embodiments, an oligomer is deemed capable of recruiting RNaseH if, when contacted with the target region of the RNA target, and RNaseH, the RNaseH initial rate, as measured in pmol/1/min, is at least 20%, such as at least 40%, such as at least 60%, such as at least 80% of the initial rate determined using an oligonucleotide having the same base sequence, but containing only DNA monomers, with no 2′ substitutions, with phosphorothioate linkage groups between all monomers in the oligonucleotide, using the methodology provided in Examples 91-95 of EP 1 222 309.

Typically, the region of the oligomer which forms the duplex with the complementary target region of the target RNA and is capable of recruiting RNase contains DNA monomers and LNA monomers and forms a DNA/RNA-like duplex with the target region. The LNA monomers are preferably in the alpha-L configuration, particularly preferred being alpha-L-oxy LNA.

In various embodiments, the oligomer of the invention comprises both nucleosides and nucleoside analogues, and may be in the form of a gapmer, a headmer or a mixmer.

A “headmer” is defined as an oligomer that comprises a first region and a second region that is contiguous thereto, with the 5′-most monomer of the second region linked to the 3′-most monomer of the first region. The first region comprises a contiguous stretch of non-RNase-recruiting nucleoside analogues, and the second region comprises a contiguous stretch (such as at least 7 contiguous monomers) of DNA monomers or nucleoside analogue monomers recognizable and cleavable by the RNAse.

A “tailmer” is defined as an oligomer that comprises a first region and a second region that is contiguous thereto, with the 5′-most monomer of the second region linked to the 3′-most monomer of the first region. The first region comprises a contiguous stretch (such as at least 7 such monomers) of DNA monomers or nucleoside analogue monomers recognizable and cleavable by the RNase, and the second region comprises a contiguous stretch of non-RNase recruiting nucleoside analogue monomers.

Other “chimeric” oligomers, called “mixmers”, consist of an alternating composition of (i) DNA monomers or nucleoside analogue monomers recognizable and cleavable by RNase, and (ii) non-RNase recruiting nucleoside analogue monomers.

In some embodiments, in addition to enhancing affinity of the oligomer for the target region, some nucleoside analogues also mediate RNase (e.g., RNase H) binding and cleavage. Since •-L-LNA monomers recruit RNase activity to a certain extent, in some embodiments, gap regions (e.g., region B as referred to herein below) of oligomers containing •-L-LNA monomers consist of fewer monomers recognizable and cleavable by the RNase, and more flexibility in the mixmer construction is introduced.

Conjugates

In the context of this disclosure, the term “conjugate” indicates a compound formed by the covalent attachment (“conjugation”) of an oligomer as described herein, to one or more moieties that are not themselves nucleic acids or monomers (“conjugated moieties”). Examples of such conjugated moieties include macromolecular compounds such as proteins, fatty acid chains, sugar residues, glycoproteins, polymers, or combinations thereof. Typically proteins may be antibodies for a target protein. Typical polymers may be polyethylene glycol.

Accordingly, provided herein are conjugates comprising an oligomer as herein described, and at least one conjugated moiety that is not a nucleic acid or monomer, covalently attached to said oligomer. Therefore, in certain embodiments where the oligomer of the invention consists of contiguous monomers having a specified sequence of bases, as herein disclosed, the conjugate may also comprise at least one conjugated moiety that is covalently attached to the oligomer.

In various embodiments of the invention, the oligomer is conjugated to a moiety that increases the cellular uptake of oligomeric compounds. WO2007/031091 provides suitable ligands and conjugates, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In various embodiments, conjugation (to a conjugated moiety) may enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligomer of the invention. Such moieties include, but are not limited to, antibodies, polypeptides, lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety, cholic acid, a thioether, e.g. Hexyl-s-tritylthiol, a thiocholesterol, an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues, a phospholipids, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-o-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-h-phosphonate, a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain, an adamantane acetic acid, a palmityl moiety, an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety.

In certain embodiments, the oligomers of the invention are conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, ibuprofen, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.

In certain embodiments the conjugated moiety is a sterol, such as cholesterol.

In various embodiments, the conjugated moiety comprises or consists of a positively charged polymer, such as a positively charged peptides of, for example 1-50, such as 2-20 such as 3-10 amino acid residues in length, and/or polyalkylene oxide such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycol—see WO 2008/034123, hereby incorporated by reference. Suitably the positively charged polymer, such as a polyalkylene oxide may be attached to the oligomer of the invention via a linker such as the releasable linker described in WO 2008/034123.

By way of example, the following moieties may be used in the conjugates of the invention:

Activated Oligomers

The term “activated oligomer,” as used herein, refers to an oligomer of the invention that is covalently linked (i.e., functionalized) to at least one functional moiety that permits covalent linkage of the oligomer to one or more conjugated moieties, i.e., moieties that are not themselves nucleic acids or monomers, to form the conjugates herein described. Typically, a functional moiety will comprise a chemical group that is capable of covalently bonding to the oligomer via, e.g., a 3′-hydroxyl group or the exocyclic NH₂ group of the adenine base, a spacer that is preferably hydrophilic and a terminal group that is capable of binding to a conjugated moiety (e.g., an amino, sulfhydryl or hydroxyl group). In some embodiments, this terminal group is not protected, e.g., is an NH₂ group. In other embodiments, the terminal group is protected, for example, by any suitable protecting group such as those described in “Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis” by Theodora W. Greene and Peter G. M. Wuts, 3rd edition (John Wiley & Sons, 1999). Examples of suitable hydroxyl protecting groups include esters such as acetate ester, aralkyl groups such as benzyl, diphenylmethyl, or triphenylmethyl, and tetrahydropyranyl. Examples of suitable amino protecting groups include benzyl, alpha-methylbenzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, and acyl groups such as trichloroacetyl or trifluoroacetyl.

In some embodiments, the functional moiety is self-cleaving. In other embodiments, the functional moiety is biodegradable. See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,087,229, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

In some embodiments, oligomers of the invention are functionalized at the 5′ end in order to allow covalent attachment of the conjugated moiety to the 5′ end of the oligomer. In other embodiments, oligomers of the invention can be functionalized at the 3′ end. In still other embodiments, oligomers of the invention can be functionalized along the backbone or on the heterocyclic base moiety. In yet other embodiments, oligomers of the invention can be functionalized at more than one position independently selected from the 5′ end, the 3′ end, the backbone and the base.

In some embodiments, activated oligomers of the invention are synthesized by incorporating during the synthesis one or more monomers that is covalently attached to a functional moiety. In other embodiments, activated oligomers of the invention are synthesized with monomers that have not been functionalized, and the oligomer is functionalized upon completion of synthesis.

In some embodiments, the oligomers are functionalized with a hindered ester containing an aminoalkyl linker, wherein the alkyl portion has the formula (CH₂)_(w), wherein w is an integer ranging from 1 to 10, preferably about 6, wherein the alkyl portion of the alkylamino group can be straight chain or branched chain, and wherein the functional group is attached to the oligomer via an ester group (—O—C(O)—(CH₂)_(w)NH).

In other embodiments, the oligomers are functionalized with a hindered ester containing a (CH₂)_(w)-sulfhydryl (SH) linker, wherein w is an integer ranging from 1 to 10, preferably about 6, wherein the alkyl portion of the alkylamino group can be straight chain or branched chain, and wherein the functional group attached to the oligomer via an ester group (—O—C(O)—(CH₂)_(w)SH) In some embodiments, sulfhydryl-activated oligonucleotides are conjugated with polymer moieties such as polyethylene glycol or peptides (via formation of a disulfide bond).

Activated oligomers containing hindered esters as described above can be synthesized by any method known in the art, and in particular, by methods disclosed in PCT Publication No. WO 2008/034122 and the examples therein, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Activated oligomers covalently linked to at least one functional moiety can be synthesized by any method known in the art, and in particular, by methods disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0235773, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and in Zhao et al. (2007) J. Controlled Release 119:143-152; and Zhao et al. (2005) Bioconjugate Chem. 16:758-766.

In still other embodiments, the oligomers of the invention are functionalized by introducing sulfhydryl, amino or hydroxyl groups into the oligomer by means of a functionalizing reagent substantially as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,962,029 and 4,914,210, i.e., a substantially linear reagent having a phosphoramidite at one end linked through a hydrophilic spacer chain to the opposing end which comprises a protected or unprotected sulfhydryl, amino or hydroxyl group. Such reagents primarily react with hydroxyl groups of the oligomer. In some embodiments, such activated oligomers have a functionalizing reagent coupled to a 5′-hydroxyl group of the oligomer. In other embodiments, the activated oligomers have a functionalizing reagent coupled to a 3′-hydroxyl group. In still other embodiments, the activated oligomers of the invention have a functionalizing reagent coupled to a hydroxyl group on the backbone of the oligomer. In yet further embodiments, the oligomer of the invention is functionalized with more than one of the functionalizing reagents as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,962,029 and 4,914,210, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Methods of synthesizing such functionalizing reagents and incorporating them into monomers or oligomers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,962,029 and 4,914,210.

In some embodiments, the 5′-terminus of a solid-phase bound oligomer is functionalized with a dienyl phosphoramidite derivative, followed by conjugation of the deprotected oligomer with, e.g., an amino acid or peptide via a Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction.

In various embodiments, the incorporation of monomers containing 2′-sugar modifications, such as a 2′-carbamate substituted sugar or a 2′-(O-pentyl-N-phthalimido)-deoxyribose sugar into the oligomer facilitates covalent attachment of conjugated moieties to the sugars of the oligomer. In other embodiments, an oligomer with an amino-containing linker at the 2′-position of one or more monomers is prepared using a reagent such as, for example, 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-(e-phthalimidylaminopentyl)-2′-deoxyadenosine-3′-N,N-diisopropyl-cyanoethoxy phosphoramidite. See, e.g., Manoharan, et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1991, 34, 7171.

In still further embodiments, the oligomers of the invention have amine-containing functional moieties on the nucleobase, including on the N6 purine amino groups, on the exocyclic N2 of guanine, or on the N4 or 5 positions of cytosine. In various embodiments, such functionalization may be achieved by using a commercial reagent that is already functionalized in the oligomer synthesis.

Some functional moieties are commercially available, for example, heterobifunctional and homobifunctional linking moieties are available from the Pierce Co. (Rockford, Ill.). Other commercially available linking groups are 5′-Amino-Modifier C6 and 3′-Amino-Modifier reagents, both available from Glen Research Corporation (Sterling, Va.). 5′-Amino-Modifier C6 is also available from ABI (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) as Aminolink-2, and 3′-Amino-Modifier is also available from Clontech Laboratories Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.).

Compositions

In various embodiments, the oligomer of the invention, or a conjugate thereof, is used in pharmaceutical formulations and compositions. Suitably, such compositions comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, salt or adjuvant.

Suitable dosages, formulations, administration routes, compositions, dosage forms, combinations with other therapeutic agents, pro-drug formulations are also provided in PCT/DK2006/000512—which are hereby incorporated by reference. Details on techniques for formulation and administration also may be found in the latest edition of “REMINGTON'S PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES” (Maack Publishing Co, Easton Pa.).

In some embodiments, an oligomer of the invention is covalently linked to a conjugated moiety to aid in delivery of the oligomer across cell membranes. An example of a conjugated moiety that aids in delivery of the oligomer across cell membranes is a lipophilic moiety, such as cholesterol. In various embodiments, an oligomer of the invention is formulated with lipid formulations that form liposomes, such as Lipofectamine 2000 or Lipofectamine RNAiMAX, both of which are commercially available from Invitrogen. In some embodiments, the oligomers of the invention are formulated with a mixture of one or more lipid-like non-naturally occurring small molecules (“lipidoids”). Libraries of lipidoids can be synthesized by conventional synthetic chemistry methods and various amounts and combinations of lipidoids can be assayed in order to develop a vehicle for effective delivery of an oligomer of a particular size to the targeted tissue by the chosen route of administration. Suitable lipidoid libraries and compositions can be found, for example in Akinc et al. (2008) Nature Biotechnol., available at http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nbt1402.html, which is incorporated by reference herein.

As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts that retain the desired biological activity of the herein identified compounds and exhibit acceptable levels of undesired toxic effects. Non-limiting examples of such salts can be formed with organic amino acid and base addition salts formed with metal cations such as zinc, calcium, bismuth, barium, magnesium, aluminum, copper, cobalt, nickel, cadmium, sodium, potassium, and the like, or with a cation formed from ammonia, N,N′-dibenzylethylene-diamine, D-glucosamine, tetraethylammonium, or ethylenediamine; or (c) combinations of (a) and (b); e.g., a zinc tannate salt or the like.

Applications

The term “treatment” as used herein refers to both treatment of an existing disease (e.g., a disease or disorder as referred to herein below), or prevention of a disease, i.e., prophylaxis. It will therefore be recognised that, in certain embodiments, “treatment” includes prophylaxis.

In various embodiments, the oligomers of the invention may be utilized as research reagents for, for example, diagnostics, therapeutics and prophylaxis.

In some embodiments, such oligomers may be used for research purposes to specifically inhibit the expression of PIK3CA protein (typically, by degrading or inhibiting the PIK3CA mRNA and thereby preventing protein formation) in cells and experimental animals, thereby facilitating functional analysis of the target or an appraisal of its usefulness as a target for therapeutic intervention.

In certain embodiments, the oligomers may be used in diagnostics to detect and quantitate PIK3CA expression in cells and tissues by northern blotting, in-situ hybridisation or similar techniques.

In various therapeutic embodiments, a non-human animal or a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder, which can be treated by modulating the expression of PIK3CA is treated by administering an effective amount of an oligomer (or conjugate thereof) in accordance with this invention. Further provided are methods of treating a mammal, such as treating a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition, associated with expression of PIK3CA by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the oligomers or compositions of the invention.

In various therapeutic embodiments, a non-human animal or a human suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treating by modulating the expression of PIK3CA and of beta-catenin is treated by administering an effective amount of an oligomer (or conjugate thereof) in accordance with this invention.

In various therapeutic embodiments, the non-human animal or human is treated with more than one oligomer of the invention (or conjugate), wherein one oligomer preferably binds to a PIK3CA target region and a second oligomer preferably binds to a beta-catenin target region.

In certain embodiments, the invention also provides for the use of the compounds or conjugates of the invention as described for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder as referred to herein, or for a method of the treatment of a disorder as referred to herein.

In various embodiments, the invention also provides for a method for treating a disorder as referred to herein said method comprising administering a compound according to the invention as herein described, and/or a conjugate according to the invention, and/or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention to a patient in need thereof.

In various embodiments, the invention relates to an oligomer, a composition or a conjugate thereof as described herein for use as a medicament.

In various embodiments, the invention provides for a method for treating a disorder as referred to herein, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound according to the invention as herein described, and/or an effective amount of a conjugate according to the invention, and/or a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention to a patient in need thereof.

In various embodiments, the oligomer, or conjugate thereof, induces a desired therapeutic effect in humans through, for example, hydrogen bonding to a target nucleic acid. The oligomer causes a decrease (e.g., inhibition) in the expression of a target via hydrogen bonding (e.g., hybridisation) to the mRNA of the target thereby resulting in a reduction in gene expression.

It is highly preferred that the compounds of the invention are capable of hybridising to the target nucleic acid, such as PIK3CA mRNA, by Watson-Crick base pairing.

Medical Indications

In some embodiments, disorder to be treated is a hyperproliferative disorder, such as cancer, which is a solid tumor. In various embodiments, the cancer is a carcinoma. In certain embodiments, the cancer is a sarcoma. In yet further embodiments, the cancer is a glioma.

In certain embodiments, the carcinoma is selected from the group consisting of malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, breast carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, recurrent superficial bladder cancer, stomach carcinoma, prostatic carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, cervical dysplasia, laryngeal papillomatosis, colon carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma and carcinoid tumors.

In various embodiments, the carcinoma is selected from the group consisting of malignant melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, breast carcinoma, colon carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. In still further embodiments, the carcinoma is a malignant melanoma selected from the group consisting of superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo malignant melanoma, acral melanoma, amelanotic melanoma and desmoplastic melanoma.

In various embodiments, the sarcoma is selected from the group consisting of osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, fibrosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma.

In some embodiments the solid tumor is selected from the group consisting of glioblastoma, malignant melanoma, medulloblastoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric, ovarian, cervix and colorectal cancers, cancers of the breast, lung and colon, large B-cell lymphoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, anaplastic oligodendroglioma, prostate cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, bowel cancer, leukaemia, esophagus cancer, and thyroid cancer. In some embodiments, the solid tumor is liver or kidney cancer.

In various embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colorectal, glioblastoma, gastric, hepatocellular, breast, ovarian and lung cancer.

In various embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukemia (e.g., acute leukemia such as acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma), colon carcinoma, rectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, lung carcinoma, bladder carcinoma, melanoma, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, cancers of unknown primary site, neoplasms, cancers of the peripheral nervous system, cancers of the central nervous system, tumors (e.g., fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, small cell lung carcinoma, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma), heavy chain disease, metastases, and any disease or disorder characterized by uncontrolled or abnormal cell growth.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukaemia, such as acute lymphocytic leukaemia, colon carcinoma, rectal carcinoma, brain cancer, neural blastomas, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, acute myelogenous leukaemia, liver cancer, thyroid cancer, kidney cancer, urinary tract cancer and bladder cancer.

In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of Hodgkin's lymphoma, leukaemia, such as acute lymphocytic leukaemia, colon carcinoma, brain cancer, and neural blastomas.

In various embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of lung, breast, colon, prostate, pancreas, lung, liver, thyroid, kidney, brain, testes, stomach, intestine, bowel, spinal cord, sinuses, bladder, urinary tract and ovarian cancer.

In certain embodiments, for example for the treatment of brain cancer, the oligomer or conjugate of the invention does not comprise phosphorothioate linkages between adjacent monomers.

In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with a mutation in the PIK3CA gene or a gene whose protein product is associated with or interacts with PIK3CA. Therefore, in various embodiments, the target mRNA is a mutated form of the PIK3CA sequence; for example, it comprises one or more single point mutations, such as SNPs associated with cancer.

In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with abnormal levels of a mutated form of PIK3CA. In certain embodiments, the disease or disorder is associated with abnormal levels of a wild-type form of PIK3CA. One aspect of the invention is directed to a method of treating a mammal suffering from or susceptible to conditions associated with abnormal levels of PIK3CA, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an oligomer of the invention targeted to PIK3CA or various conjugates thereof. In some embodiments, the oligomer comprises one or more LNA units. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method of treating a mammal suffering from or susceptible to conditions associated with abnormal levels of PIK3CA, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an oligomer of the invention targeted to PIK3CA and to beta-catenin or various conjugates thereof.

Suitable dosages, formulations, administration routes, compositions, dosage forms, combinations with other therapeutic agents, prodrug formulations are also provided in WO 2007/031091, which is hereby incorporated by reference. The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a conjugate as herein described or a conjugate and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier or adjuvant. WO 2007/031091 provides suitable and preferred pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers and adjuvants, which are hereby incorporated by reference.

In various embodiments, the invention described herein encompasses a method of preventing or treating a disease comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oligomer that modulates PIK3CA (and in some embodiments, beta-catenin) to a human in need of such therapy. The invention further encompasses the use of a short period of administration of an oligomer that modulates PIK3CA (and in some embodiments, beta-catenin) or conjugate thereof, rather than continuous administration.

EMBODIMENTS

The following embodiments of the present invention may be used in combination with the other embodiments described herein.

1. An oligomer of between 10-50 nucleobases in length which comprises a contiguous nucleobase sequence of a total of between 10-50 nucleobases, wherein said contiguous nucleobase sequence is at least 80% homologous to a corresponding region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA kinase.

2. The oligomer according to embodiment 1, wherein said oligomer comprises at least one LNA unit.

3. The oligomer according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises no more than 3, such as no more than 2 mismatches to the corresponding region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA kinase.

4. The oligomer according to embodiment 3, wherein said contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises a single mismatch to the corresponding region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA kinase, wherein, optionally, the single mismatch corresponds to a single nucleotide point mutation which is associated with a cancer phenotype.

5. The oligomer according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises no mismatches, (i.e. is complementary to) the corresponding region of a nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA kinase.

6. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the oligomer consists of the contiguous nucleobase sequence.

7. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the nucleic acid which encodes a mammalian PIK3CA kinase is the human PIK3CA kinase nucleotide sequence such as SEQ ID No 1, or a variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO 1 which comprises a single point mutation at a position selected from 1781, 1790 and 3297.

8. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-7, wherein the contiguous nucleobase sequence is complementary to a corresponding region of both the human PIK3CA kinase nucleic acid sequence and a non-human mammalian PIK3CA kinase nucleic acid sequence, such as the mouse PIK3CA kinase nucleic acid sequence.

9. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises a contiguous subsequence of at least 7, nucleobase residues which, when formed in a duplex with the complementary PIK3CA kinase target RNA is capable of recruiting RNaseH.

10. The oligomer according to embodiment 9, wherein the contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises of a contiguous subsequence of at least 8, at least 9 or at least 10 nucleobase residues which, when formed in a duplex with the complementary PIK3CA kinase target RNA is capable of recruiting RNaseH.

11. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 9 or 10 wherein said contiguous subsequence is at least 9 or at least 10 nucleobases in length, such as at least 12 nucleobases or at least 14 nucleobases in length, such as 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases residues which, when formed in a duplex with the complementary PIK3CA kinase target RNA is capable of recruiting RNaseH.

12. The oligomer according to embodiment any one of embodiments 1-11 wherein said oligomer is conjugated with one or more non-nucleobase compounds.

13. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-12, wherein said oligomer has a length of between 10-22 nucleobases.

14. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-13, wherein said oligomer has a length of between 12-18 nucleobases.

15. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-14, wherein said oligomer has a length of 14, 15 or 16 nucleobases.

16. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-15, wherein said continuous nucleobase sequence corresponds to a contiguous nucleotide sequence present in a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO 110-124, or 149-160.

17. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-16, wherein the oligomer or contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises, or is selected from a corresponding nucleobase sequence present in a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO 2-16.

18. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-17, wherein said contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises at least one affinity enhancing nucleotide analogue.

19. The oligomer according to embodiment 18, wherein said contiguous nucleobase sequence comprises a total of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 affinity enhancing nucleotide analogues, such as between 5 and 8 affinity enhancing nucleotide analogues.

20. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-19 which comprises at least one affinity enhancing nucleotide analogue, wherein the remaining nucleobases are selected from the group consisting of DNA nucleotides and RNA nucleotides, preferably DNA nucleotides.

21. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-20, wherein the oligomer comprises of a sequence of nucleobases of formula, in 5′ to 3′ direction, A-B-C, and optionally of formula A-B-C-D, wherein:

-   -   A consists or comprises of at least one nucleotide analogue,         such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 nucleotide analogues, preferably         between 2-5 nucleotide analogues, preferably 2, 3 or 4         nucleotide analogues, most preferably 2, 3 or 4 consecutive         nucleotide analogues and;     -   B consists or comprises at least five consecutive nucleobases         which are capable of recruiting RNAseH (when formed in a duplex         with a complementary RNA molecule, such as the PIK3CAK mRNA         target), such as DNA nucleobases, such as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11         or 12 consecutive nucleobases which are capable of recruiting         RNAseH, or between 6-10, or between 7-9, such as 8 consecutive         nucleobases which are capable of recruiting RNAseH, and;     -   C consists or comprises of at least one nucleotide analogue,         such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotide analogues, preferably         between 2-5 nucleotide analogues, such as 2, 3 or 4 nucleotide         analogues, most preferably 2, 3 or 4 consecutive nucleotide         analogues, and;     -   D when present, consists or comprises, preferably consists, of         one or more DNA nucleotide, such as between 1-3 or 1-2 DNA         nucleotides.

22. The oligomer according to embodiment 21, wherein region A consists or comprises of 2, 3 or 4 consecutive nucleotide analogues.

23. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 21-22, wherein region B consists or comprises of 7, 8, 9 or 10 consecutive DNA nucleotides or equivalent nucleobases which are capable of recruiting RNAseH when formed in a duplex with a complementary RNA, such as the PIK3CA kinase mRNA target.

24. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 21-24, wherein region C consists or comprises of 2, 3 or 4 consecutive nucleotide analogues.

25. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 21-24, wherein region D consists, where present, of one or two DNA nucleotides.

26. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 21-25, wherein:

-   -   A Consists or comprises of 3 contiguous nucleotide analogues;     -   B Consists or comprises of 7, 8, 9 or 10 contiguous DNA         nucleotides or equivalent nucleobases which are capable of         recruiting RNAseH when formed in a duplex with a complementary         RNA, such as the PIK3CA kinase mRNA target;     -   A Consists or comprises of 3 contiguous nucleotide analogues;     -   B Consists, where present, of one or two DNA nucleotides.

27. The oligomer according to embodiment 26, wherein the contiguous nucleobase sequence consists of 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 nucleobases, and wherein;

-   -   A. Consists of 1, 2 or 3 contiguous nucleotide analogues;     -   B. Consists of 7, 8, or 9 consecutive DNA nucleotides or         equivalent nucleobases which are capable of recruiting RNAseH         when formed in a duplex with a complementary RNA, such as the         PIK3CA kinase mRNA target;     -   A Consists of 1, 2 or 3 contiguous nucleotide analogues;     -   B Consists, where present, of one DNA nucleotide.

28. The oligomer according to anyone of embodiments 21-27, wherein B comprises at least one LNA nucleobase which is in the alpha-L configuration, such as alpha-L-oxy LNA.

29. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-28, wherein the nucleotide analogue(s) are independently or collectively selected from the group consisting of: Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA) units; 2′-O-alkyl-RNA units, 2′-OMe-RNA units, 2′-amino-DNA units, 2′-fluoro-DNA units, PNA units, HNA units, and INA units.

30. The oligomer according to embodiment 29 wherein all the nucleotide analogues(s) are LNA units.

31. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-30, which comprises 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 LNA units such as between 2 and 8 nucleotide LNA units.

32. The oligomer according to any one of the embodiments 29-31, wherein the LNAs are independently selected from oxy-LNA, thio-LNA, and amino-LNA, in either of the beta-D and alpha-L configurations or combinations thereof.

33. The oligomer according to embodiment 32, wherein the LNAs are all beta-D-oxy-LNA.

34. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 21-33, wherein the nucleotide analogues of regions A and C are beta-D-oxy-LNA.

35. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-34, wherein at least one of the nucleobases present in the oligomers a modified nucleobase selected from the group consisting of 5-methylcytosine, isocytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-bromouracil, 5-propynyluracil, 6-aminopurine, 2-aminopurine, inosine, diaminopurine, and 2-chloro-6-aminopurine.

36. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-35, wherein said oligomer hybridises with a corresponding mammalian PIK3CA kinase mRNA with a T_(m) of at least 50° C.

37. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-36, wherein said oligomer hybridises with a corresponding mammalian PIK3CA kinase mRNA with a T_(m) of no greater than 80° C.

38. The oligomer according to any one of embodiments 1-37, wherein the internucleoside linkages are independently selected from the group consisting of: phosphodiester, phosphorothioate and boranophosphate.

39. The oligomer according to embodiment 38, wherein the oligomer comprises at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

40. The oligomer according to embodiment 39, wherein the internucleoside linkages adjacent to and/or between DNA or RNA units, or within region B are phosphorothioate linkages.

41. The oligomer according to embodiment 39 or 40, wherein the linkages between at least one pair of consecutive nucleotide analogues is a phosphodiester linkage.

42. The oligomer according to embodiment 39 or 40, wherein all the linkages between consecutive nucleotide analogues are phosphodiester linkages.

43. The oligomer according to embodiment 38 wherein all the internucleoside linkages are phosphorothioate linkages.

44. A conjugate comprising the oligomer according to any one of the embodiments 1-43 and at least one non-nucleotide or non-polynucleotide moiety covalently attached to said compound.

45. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an oligomer as defined in any of embodiments 1-43 or a conjugate as defined in embodiment 44, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, salt or adjuvant.

46. A pharmaceutical composition according to 45, wherein the oligomer is constituted as a pro-drug.

47. Use of an oligomer as defined in any one of the embodiments 1-43, or a conjugate as defined in embodiment 44, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of hyperproliferative diseases such as cancer.

48. A method for treating a hyperproliferative disease such as cancer, said method comprising administering an oligomer as defined in one of the embodiments 1-43, or a conjugate as defined in embodiment 44, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of the embodiments 45-46, to a patient in need thereof.

49. A method of reducing or inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA kinase in a cell or a tissue, the method comprising the step of contacting said cell or tissue with a compound as defined in one of the embodiments 1-43, or a conjugate as defined in embodiment 44, or a pharmaceutical composition as defined in any one of the embodiments 45-46, so that expression of PIK3CA kinase is reduce or inhibited.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Monomer Synthesis

The LNA monomer building blocks and derivatives were prepared following published procedures and references cited therein—see WO07/031,081, which is incorporated herein in its entirety, and the references cited therein.

Example 2 Oligonucleotide Synthesis

Oligonucleotides were synthesized according to the method described in WO07/031,081. Table 2 shows examples of antisense oligonucleotide sequences of the invention. Tables 3 and 4 show examples of antisense oligonucleotides (oligomers) of the invention.

Example 3 Design of the Oligonucleotides

In accordance with the present invention, a series of different oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of human PIK3CA mRNA (phosphoinositide-3-kinase, catalytic, alpha polypeptide). (GenBank Accession number NM_(—)006218, SEQ ID NO: 1).

SEQ ID NOS 2-16: are oligomer sequences designed to target human wild-type PIK3CA mRNA (i.e., that are fully complementary to a target region of a wild-type PIK3CA mRNA).

TABLE 2 Antisense oligonucleotide sequences Length Target site SEQ ID NO Sequence (5′-3′) (bases) NM_006218 SEQ ID NO: 2 GAGGCATTCTAAAGTC 16 253-268 SEQ ID NO: 3 ATTCTTCCCTTTCTGC 16 386-401 SEQ ID NO: 4 TAGACATACATTGCTC 16 642-657 SEQ ID NO: 5 TACTTGCCCTGATATT 16 891-906 SEQ ID NO: 6 CACATAAGGGTTCTCC 16 1247-1262 SEQ ID NO: 7 AGCCATTCATTCCACC 16 1302-1317 SEQ ID NO: 8 CAGTAACACCAATAGG 16 1529-1544 SEQ ID NO: 9 AACTCCAACTCTAAGC 16 1572-1587 SEQ ID NO: 10 CAGACAGAAGCAATTT 16 1856-1871 SEQ ID NO: 11 TTATTGTGCATCTCAG 16 2175-2190 SEQ ID NO: 12 GCAGAGGACATAATTC 16 2466-2481 SEQ ID NO: 13 GATGTCTGGGTTCTCC 16 2506-2521 SEQ ID NO: 14 TTCTTCTTGTGATCCA 16 2970-2985 SEQ ID NO: 15 AAGAAATCCTGTGTCA 16 3024-3039 SEQ ID NO: 16 TCTCCTGAAACCTCTC 16 3089-3104 SEQ ID NO: 110 CACGGAGGCATTCTAAAGTCACTA 24 249-272 SEQ ID NO: 111 AAAAATTCTTCCCTTTCTGCTTCT 24 382-405 SEQ ID NO: 112 AGGATAGACATACATTGCTCTACT 24 638-661 SEQ ID NO: 113 AATATACTTGCCCTGATATTCTAA 24 887-910 SEQ ID NO: 114 TTGTCACATAAGGGTTCTCCTCCA 24 1243-1266 SEQ ID NO: 115 ATTCAGCCATTCATTCCACCTGGG 24 1298-1321 SEQ ID NO: 116 GATCCAGTAACACCAATAGGGTTC 24 1525-1548 SEQ ID NO: 117 GTCAAACTCCAACTCTAAGCATGG 24 1568-1591 SEQ ID NO: 118 TTAACAGACAGAAGCAATTTGGGT 24 1852-1875 SEQ ID NO: 119 TGTTTTATTGTGCATCTCAGATTT 24 2171-2194 SEQ ID NO: 120 TTTTGCAGAGGACATAATTCGACA 24 2462-2485 SEQ ID NO: 121 ACATGATGTCTGGGTTCTCCCAAT 24 2502-2525 SEQ ID NO: 122 TTTTTTCTTCTTGTGATCCAAAAA 24 2966-2989 SEQ ID NO: 123 TATTAAGAAATCCTGTGTCAAAAC 24 3020-3043 SEQ ID NO: 124 CACATCTCCTGAAACCTCTCAAAT 24 3085-3108

SEQ ID NOS: 17-22 show oligomer sequences designed to target the target regions of variants of human PIK3CA mRNA comprising each of the three hot-spot mutations (E542K, E545K and 111047R), and SEQ ID NOS: 23-28 show oligomer sequences that are fully complementary to the same target regions (i.e., those comprising hot-spot mutations in PIK3CA variants) of human wild-type PIK3CA. The base of each oligomer (having SEQ ID NOs: 23-28) that base pairs with the mutated base in the target regions of the variant PIK3CA nucleic acids is highlighted. The sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 125-136, respectively include the 16-mer sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 17-22 with additional monomers flanking the 16-mer sequences at the 5′ and 3′ ends. SEQ ID NOs: 17, 18, 125, and 126 are targeted to the target region comprising the E542K mutation. SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, 127 and 128 are targeted to the target region comprising the E545K mutation, and SEQ ID NOs: 21, 22, 129 and 130 are targeted to the target region comprising the H1047R mutation.

TABLE 3 Antisense oligonucleotide sequences targeted to wild-type or mutant target regions of PIK3CA Length Target site SEQ ID NO Sequence (5′-3′) (bases) NM_006218 SEQ ID NO: 17 GATTTTAGAGAGAGGA 16 1771-1786 SEQ ID NO: 18 AGTGATTTTAGAGAGA 16 1774-1789 SEQ ID NO: 19 TCCTGCTTAGTGATTT 16 1782-1797 SEQ ID NO: 20 TTCTCCTGCTTAGTGA 16 1785-1800 SEQ ID NO: 21 GCCACCATGACGTGCA 16 3292-3307 SEQ ID NO: 22 ACCATGACGTGCATCA 16 3289-3304 SEQ ID NO: 23 GATTTCAGAGAGAGGA 16 1771-1786 SEQ ID NO: 24 AGTGATTTCAGAGAGA 16 1774-1789 SEQ ID NO: 25 TCCTGCTCAGTGATTT 16 1782-1797 SEQ ID NO: 26 TTCTCCTGCTCAGTGA 16 1785-1800 SEQ ID NO: 27 GCCACCATGATGTGCA 16 3292-3307 SEQ ID NO: 28 ACCATGATGTGCATCA 16 3289-3304 SEQ ID NO: 125 CAGTGATTTTAGAGAGAGGATCTC 24 1767-1790 SEQ ID NO: 126 GCTCAGTGATTTTAGAGAGAGGAT 24 1770-1793 SEQ ID NO: 127 TTTCTCCTGCTTAGTGATTTCAGA 24 1778-1801 SEQ ID NO: 128 ATCTTTCTCCTGCTTAGTGATTTC 24 1781-1804 SEQ ID NO: 129 TCCAGCCACCATGACGTGCATCAT 24 3288-3311 SEQ ID NO: 130 AGCCACCATGACGTGCATCATTCA 24 3285-3308 SEQ ID NO: 131 CAGTGATTTCAGAGAGAGGATCTC 24 1767-1790 SEQ ID NO: 132 GCTCAGTGATTTCAGAGAGAGGAT 24 1770-1793 SEQ ID NO: 133 TTTCTCCTGCTCAGTGATTTCAGA 24 1778-1801 SEQ ID NO: 134 ATCTTTCTCCTGCTCAGTGATTTC 24 1781-1804 SEQ ID NO: 135 TCCAGCCACCATGATGTGCATCAT 24 3288-3311 SEQ ID NO: 136 AGCCACCATGATGTGCATCATTCA 24 3285-3308

In SEQ ID NOs: 29-55, upper case letters indicates nucleoside analogue units (nucleoside analogue monomers), such as LNA monomers, and subscript “s” represents a phosphorothiote linkage. The absence of “s” (if any) indicates phosphodiester linkage. Lower case letters represent nucleoside (such as DNA or RNA monomers). All cytosine bases in the LNA monomers are 5-methylcytosines.

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotide designs of the invention SEQ ID NO Sequence (5′-3′) SEQ ID NO: 29 G _(s) A _(s) G _(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s) G _(s) T _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 30 A _(s) T _(s) T _(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) G _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 31 T _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s) C _(s) T _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 32 T _(s) A _(s) C _(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s) A _(s) T _(s) T SEQ ID NO: 33 C _(s) A _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) C _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 34 A _(s) G _(s) C _(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s) A _(s) C _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 35 C _(s) A _(s) G _(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)t_(s) A _(s) G _(s) G SEQ ID NO: 36 A _(s) A _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)a_(s) A _(s) G _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 37 C _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T SEQ ID NO: 38 T _(s) T _(s) A _(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s) C _(s) A _(s) G SEQ ID NO: 39 G _(s) C _(s) A _(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 40 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)g_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) C _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 41 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s) C _(s) C _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 42 A _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 43 T _(s) C _(s) T _(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s) C _(s) T _(s) C SEQ ID NO: 44 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) g _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 45 A _(s) G _(s) T _(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 46 T _(s) C _(s) C _(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T SEQ ID NO: 47 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 48 G _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s) G _(s) C _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 49 A _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 50 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 51 A _(s) G _(s) T _(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 52 T _(s) C _(s) C _(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T SEQ ID NO: 53 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 54 G _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s) G _(s) C _(s) A SEQ ID NO: 55 A _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A

Example 4 In Vitro Model: Cell Culture

The effect of antisense oligonucleotides on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. The target can be expressed endogenously or by transient or stable transfection of a nucleic acid encoding said target. The expression level of target nucleic acid can be routinely determined using, for example, Northern blot analysis, Real-Time PCR, Ribonuclease protection assays. The following cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen.

Cells were cultured in the appropriate medium as described below and maintained at 37° C. at 95-98% humidity and 5% CO₂. Cells were routinely passaged 2-3 times weekly.

MCF7: The human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF7 was cultured in Eagle MEM (Sigma)+10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)+2 mM Glutamax I+gentamicin (25 μg/ml)+1× Non Essential Amino Acid.

PC3: The human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3 was cultured in DMEM (Sigma)+10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)+2 mM Glutamax I+gentamicin (25 μg/ml).

Example 5 In Vitro Model: Treatment with Antisense Oligonucleotide

The cell lines listed in Example 4 were treated with oligonucleotide using the cationic liposome formulation LipofectAMINE 2000 (Gibco) as transfection vehicle. Cells were seeded in 6-well cell culture plates (NUNC) and treated when 80-90% confluent. Oligomer concentrations used ranged from 0.8 nM to 20 nM final concentration. Formulation of oligomer-lipid complexes were carried out essentially as described by the manufacturer using serum-free OptiMEM (Gibco) and a final lipid concentration of 2.5 μg/mL (PC3) or 5 μg/mL (MCF7) LipofectAMINE 2000. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and treatment was stopped by removal of oligomer-containing culture medium. Cells were washed and serum-containing media was added. After oligomer treatment cells, were allowed to recover for 20 hours before they were harvested for RNA analysis.

Example 6 In Vitro Model: Extraction of RNA and cDNA Synthesis

Total RNA Isolation and First strand synthesis: Total RNA was extracted from cells transfected as described above and using the Qiagen RNeasy kit (Qiagen cat. no. 74104) according to the manufacturer's instructions. First strand synthesis was performed using Reverse Transcriptase reagents from Ambion according to the manufacturer's instructions.

For each sample 0.5 •g total RNA was adjusted to (10.8 •l) with RNase free H₂O and mixed with 2 •l random decamers (50 •M) and 4 •l dNTP mix (2.5 mM each dNTP) and heated to 70° C. for 3 min after which the samples were rapidly cooled on ice. After cooling the samples on ice, 2 •l 10× Buffer RT, 1 •l MMLV Reverse Transcriptase (100 U/•l) and 0.25 •l RNase inhibitor (10 U/•l) were added to each sample, followed by incubation at 42° C. for 60 min, heat inactivation of the enzyme at 95° C. for 10 min and then the sample was cooled to 4° C.

Example 7 In Vitro Model: Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of PIK3CA Expression by Real-Time PCR

Antisense modulation of PIK3CA expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, PIK3CA mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR. Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or mRNA.

Methods of RNA isolation and RNA analysis such as Northern blot analysis, are routine in the art and are taught in, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons.

Real-time quantitative PCR can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available Multi-Color Real Time PCR Detection System, available from Applied Biosystems.

Real-time Quantitative PCR Analysis of PIK3CA mRNA Levels: The sample content of human PIK3CA mRNA was quantified using the human PIK3CA ABI Prism Pre-Developed TaqMan Assay Reagents (Applied Biosystems cat. no. Hs00180679_ml) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA quantity was used as an endogenous control for normalizing any variance in sample preparation.

The sample content of human GAPDH mRNA was quantified using the human GAPDH ABI Prism Pre-Developed TaqMan Assay Reagent (Applied Biosystems cat. no. 4310894E) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Real-time Quantitative PCR is a technique well known in the art and is taught in for example Heid et al. Real time quantitative PCR, Genome Research (1996), 6: 986-994.

Real time PCR: The cDNA from the first strand synthesis performed as described in Example 5 was diluted 2-20 times, and analyzed by real time quantitative PCR using Taqman 7500 FAST or 7900 FAST from Applied Biosystems. The primers and probe were mixed with 2× Taqman Fast Universal PCR master mix (2×) (Applied Biosystems Cat.# 4364103) and added to 4 μl cDNA to a final volume of 10 μl. Each sample was analysed in duplicate. Assaying 2-fold dilutions of a cDNA that had been prepared on material purified from a cell line expressing the RNA of interest generated standard curves for the assays. Sterile 1120 was used instead of cDNA for the no-template control. PCR program: 95° C. for 30 seconds, followed by 40 cycles of 95° C., 3 seconds, 60° C., 20-30 seconds. Relative quantities of target mRNA sequence were determined from the calculated Threshold cycle using the Applied Biosystems Fast System SDS Software Version 1.3.1.21. or SDS Software Version 2.3.

Example 8 In Vitro Analysis: Antisense Inhibition of Human PIK3CA mRNA Expression by Oligonucleotide Compounds

Oligonucleotides presented in Table 4 were evaluated for their potential to knock down expression of human PIK3CA mRNA at concentrations of 0.8 nM, 4 nM and 20 nM in PC3 cells and MCF7 cells (see FIGS. 1 and 2). The most active oligonucleotides, having SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60, 64, 67, 77 and 82 were further evaluated for their ability to knock down human PIK3CA mRNA at the concentrations 0.04 nM, 0.2 nM, 0.8 nM, 4 nM, 10 nM and 20 nM in PC3 and MCF7 cells (see FIGS. 22 and 23).

The data in Table 5 are presented as percentage down-regulation relative to mock transfected cells at 20 nM. Lower case letters represent DNA monomers, bold upper case letters represent β-D-oxy-LNA monomers. All cytosines in LNA monomers are 5-methylcytosines. Subscript “s” represents a phosphorothioate linkage.

TABLE 5 Antisense Inhibition of Human PIK3CA mRNA expression by oligonucleotides Percent Percent inhibition of inhibition of PIK3CA in PIK3CA in Test substance Sequence (5′-3′) MCF7 PC3 SEQ ID NO: 56 G _(s) A _(s) G _(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s) G _(s) T _(s) C 47 48 SEQ ID NO: 57 A _(s) T _(s) T _(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) G _(s) C 94 91 SEQ ID NO: 58 T _(s) T _(s) c _(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 59 T _(s) c _(s) t _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s) c _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 60 T _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s) C _(s) T _(s) C 96 96 SEQ ID NO: 61 A _(s) G _(s) a _(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s) C _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 62 G _(s) a _(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s) g _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 63 T _(s) A _(s) C _(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s) A _(s) T _(s) T 94 89 SEQ ID NO: 64 C _(s) A _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) C _(s) C 97 95 SEQ ID NO: 65 A _(s) C _(s) a _(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 66 C _(s) a _(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s) c _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 67 A _(s) G _(s) C _(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s) A _(s) C _(s) C 97 93 SEQ ID NO: 68 G _(s) C _(s) c _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s) A _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 69 C _(s) c _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) c _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 70 C _(s) A _(s) G _(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)t_(s) A _(s) G _(s) G 92 94 SEQ ID NO: 71 A _(s) G _(s) t _(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)t_(s) A _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 72 G _(s) t _(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s) t _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 73 A _(s) A _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)a_(s) A _(s) G _(s) C 81 75 SEQ ID NO: 74 C _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T 90 94 SEQ ID NO: 75 A _(s) G _(s) a _(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 76 G _(s) a _(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) a _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 77 T _(s) T _(s) A _(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s) C _(s) A _(s) G 91 96 SEQ ID NO: 78 T _(s) A _(s) t _(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s) C _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 79 A _(s) t _(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s) t _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 80 G _(s) C _(s) A _(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)a_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) C 76 80 SEQ ID NO: 81 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)g_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)g_(s)g_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s) T _(s) C _(s) C 90 81 SEQ ID NO: 82 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s) C _(s) C _(s) A 92 93 SEQ ID NO: 83 T _(s) C _(s) t _(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s) C _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 84 C _(s) t _(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s) t _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 85 A _(s) A _(s) G _(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A 87 88 SEQ ID NO: 86 T _(s) C _(s) T _(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)a_(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s) C _(s) T _(s) C 85 83 SEQ ID NO: 87 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) G _(s) A 94 94 SEQ ID NO: 88 A _(s) T _(s) t _(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 89 T _(s) t _(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) a _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 90 A _(s) G _(s) T _(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G _(s) A 96 92 SEQ ID NO: 91 G _(s) T _(s) g _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 92 T _(s) g _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) g _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 93 T _(s) C _(s) C _(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T 85 86 SEQ ID NO: 94 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G _(s) A 78 83 SEQ ID NO: 95 G _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s) G _(s) C _(s) A 84 75 SEQ ID NO: 96 A _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A 94 91 SEQ ID NO: 97 C _(s) C _(s) a _(s) _(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) T _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 98 C _(s) a _(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s) a _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 99 G _(s) A _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) G _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 137 A _(s) T _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 138 T _(s) T _(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 100 A _(s) G _(s) T _(s)g_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s)g_(s) A _(s) G _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 139 G _(s) T _(s) G _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) A _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 140 T _(s) G _(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)a_(s) G _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 101 T _(s) C _(s) C _(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s) T _(s) T _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 141 C _(s) C _(s) T _(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s) A _(s) T _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 142 C _(s) T _(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s) A _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 102 T _(s) T _(s) C _(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 143 T _(s) C _(s) T _(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s) G _(s) T _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 144 C _(s) T _(s)c_(s)c_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)t_(s)t_(s)a_(s) G _(s) T n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 103 G _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s) G _(s) C _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 145 C _(s) C _(s) A _(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 146 C _(s) A _(s)c_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s) T _(s) G n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 104 A _(s) C _(s) C _(s)a_(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s) T _(s) C _(s) A n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 147 C _(s) C _(s) A _(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s) A _(s) T _(s) C n.d. n.d. SEQ ID NO: 148 C _(s) A _(s)t_(s)g_(s)a_(s)c_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s) A _(s) T n.d. n.d.

As shown in Table 5, oligonucleotides having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60, 64, 67, 70, 74, 77, 82, 87, 90 and 96 demonstrated about 90% or greater inhibition of PIK3CA mRNA expression at 20 nM in PC3 and MCF7 cells in these experiments.

In certain embodiments, oligomers based on the tested antisense oligomer sequences and designs, but having, for example, different lengths (shorter or longer) and/or monomer content (e.g. the type and/or number of nucleoside analogues) than those shown, e.g., in Table 5, could also provide suitable inhibition of PIK3CA expression.

Example 9 In Vitro Analysis: Effect of Antisense Inhibition of Human PIK3CA mRNA on Cell Proliferation (MTS Assay)

MCF7 breast cancer, PC3 prostate cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells were treated with oligonucleotides using the cationic liposome formulation LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) as transfection vehicle. Cells were seeded in 6-well culture plates (NUNC) the day before transfection at a density of 2.5×10⁵ cells/well (MCF7 and HCT116) or at 2.4×10⁵ cells/well (PC3). The cells were treated when 75-90% confluent with different concentrations of oligomers. Formulation of oligomer-lipid complexes was carried out using serum-free OptiMEM (Invitrogen) and a final lipid concentration of 2.5 μg/ml (PC3), 5 μg/ml (MCF7) or 10 μg/ml (HCT116) LipofectAMINE 2000. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and transfection was stopped by removal of oligomer-containing culture medium. After 4 hours of treatment, media was removed and cells were trypsinized and seeded to a density of 5000 cells per well in clear 96 well plate (Scientific Orange no. 1472030100) in 100 μl media. Viable cells were measured at the times indicated by adding 10 μl of the tetrazolium compound [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS] and an electron coupling reagent (phenazine ethosulfate; PES) (CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay, Promega). Viable cells were measured at 490 nm in a Powerwave (Biotek Instruments). The OD490 nm was plotted against time/h. (See FIGS. 11, 12 and 14). As shown in FIG. 11, oligonucleotides having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60, 64, 67, 77 and 82 inhibited proliferation of the breast cancer cell line MCF7, while none of the oligonucleotides had any pronounced effect on proliferation of PC3 cells (FIG. 12). Oligonucleotides having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 60, 67, 77 and 82 inhibited the proliferation of HCT116 cells. The PIK3CA gene in the cell line MCF7 has the E545K hot-spot mutation and the PIK3CA gene in the HCT116 cell line has the H1047R hot-spot mutation. These hot-spot mutations are activating mutations. As a result, MCF7 and HCT116 cells are more sensitive to changes in PIK3CA signalling than the PC3 cell line, which has no reported hot-spot mutation in the PIK3CA gene.

Example 10 In Vitro Analysis: Effect on Caspase-317 Induction after Antisense Inhibition of PIK3CA in Human Cancer Cell Lines

PC3 prostate cancer and HCT116 colon cancer cells were treated with oligonucleotides using the cationic liposome formulation LipofectAMINE 2000 (Invitrogen) as transfection vehicle. Cells were seeded in 6-well culture plates (NUNC) the day before transfection at a density of 2.5×10⁵ cells/well (MCF7 and HCT116) or of 2.4×10⁵ cells/well (PC3). The cells were treated when 75-90% confluent with different concentrations of oligomers. Formulation of oligomer-lipid complexes was carried out using serum-free OptiMEM (Invitrogen) and a final lipid concentration of 2.5 μg/ml (PC3) or 10 μg/ml (HCT116) LipofectAMINE 2000. Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and transfection was stopped by removal of oligomer-containing culture medium.

After 4 hours of treatment, media was removed and cells were trypsinized and seeded to a density of 5000 cells per well in white 96 well plate (Nunc) in 100 μl media. Caspase 3/7 activity was measured at the times indicated by adding 100 μl Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay (Promega). Caspase 3/7 activity was measured using a luminometer. The caspase 3/7 activities were measured at four different time points 24 h, 32 h, 48 h and 72 h (See FIG. 13 and FIG. 15). The oligomers having the sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 57, 67, 77 and 82 showed dose-dependent induction in Caspase 3/7 activity in HCT116 cells, which has a PIK3CA gene have the H1047R hot-spot mutation (FIG. 15), while the oligonucleotides had no effect on caspase 3/7 induction in PC3 cells (which have no reported hot-spot mutation in the PIK3CA gene).

Example 11 In Vitro Analysis: Biostability of PIK3CA Oligonucleotides in Mouse Plasma

Mouse plasma (Lithium heparin plasma from BomTac:NMRI mice, collected 14-09-05, Taconic Europe) was defrosted and aliquoted into tubes with 45 •l plasma/tube. Following this step, 5 •l oligomer (200 •M) was added to the 45 •l plasma to a final concentration of 20 •M. After thorough mixing, the samples were incubated at 37° C. for 0-120 hrs. At different time points (0 h, 24 h, 48 h and 120 h) samples were collected and the reaction was quenched by snap freezing the samples in liquid nitrogen. For analysis, loading buffer was added to the samples, which ere then analysed by electrophoresis on a PAGE-sequencing gel under denaturing conditions. The oligonucleotides of the invention showed high plasma stability for up to 120 hrs, as shown in FIG. 16.

Example 12 In Vitro Analysis: Tm Measurement of PIK3CA Oligonucleotides Against Complementary RNA

The melting temperature of antisense oligomer/RNA duplexes was determined using a UV-spectrometry system with corresponding software (Perkin Elmer, Fremont, USA). The LNA oligomer and RNA comprising a fully-complementary target region were added in final concentrations of 1.5 •M to the T_(m)-buffer (200 nM NaCl, 0.2 nM EDTA, 20 mM NaP, pH 7.0). Duplex formation was effected by heating the samples to 95° C. for 3 min followed by cooling at room temperature for 30 min.

Melting temperature (T_(m)) values were measured in a Lambda 25 UV/VIS spectrometer (Perkin Elmer) and data were collected and analysed using the TempLab software (Perkin Elmer). The instrument was programmed to heat the oligomer/RNA duplex sample from 20-95° C. and afterwards cooling the sample to 25° C. During this process the absorbance at 260 nm was recorded. The melting curves were used to calculate T_(m) values.

The Tm values for SEQ ID NO: 57, 60, 64, 67, 77 and 82 are presented in FIG. 17.

Example 13 In Vitro Analysis: Down-Regulation of PIK3CA and pAkt in A549 Cells

A549 cells were transfected with 30 nM of LNA and cultured for 24 h. WB: 24 h, 20 ug protein/lane, 8% gel. Significant reduction of PIK3CA level was seen after transfection of A549 cells with PIK3CA LNAs. (FIG. 18) Reduction of pAk-t levels was also observed 24 h post transfection. (FIG. 18). Transfection with the oligomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 had less effect on downstream signals compared to the other tested LNAs.

Example 14 In Vitro Analysis: Down-Regulation of PIK3CA and pAkt in 15PC3 Cells

15PC3 cell were transfected with 30 nM of LNA or treated with LY294200 (a small molecule PI3K inhibitor) for 24 and 48 h. WB: 48 h, 15 ug protein/lane, 8% gel. Significant reduction of PIK3CA levels was observed after transfection of 15PC3 cells with PIK3CA LNAs. (FIG. 19) pAkt levels were reduced up to 80% at 24 h post transfection determined by ELISA. (FIG. 19). Transfection with the oligomer having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82 had less effect on downstream signals compared to the other tested LNAs.

Example 15 In Vivo Analysis: Down-Regulation of Mouse PIK3CA in Mouse Liver after i.v. Administration of PIK3CA Oligonucleotides

Female NMRI mice received i.v. injection of oligonucleotides having the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 57, 60, 67, 77 and 82 on three consecutive days at a dosage of 25 mg/kg. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after last dosing. The liver was stored in RNAlater stabilizing solution until use. Total RNA was extracted from liver tissue and PIK3CA mRNA levels were analyzed with qPCR. Data were compared to PIK3CA expression in saline treated control animals. As shown in FIG. 21, all oligonucleotides in the study showed potent down-regulation of PIK3CA mRNA.

All PIK3CA oligomers used in the second screening showed potent down-regulation of PIK3CA in PC3 and MCF7 cells with IC₅₀ values below 1 nM. SEQ ID NO: 82 also shows down-regulation of the control target beta-catenin gene in both MCF7 and PC3 cells (SEQ ID NO: 82 has 2 mismatches when compared to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of beta-catenin).

Example 16 In Vivo Analysis: Effect of Oligomers on Lung Cancer Tumor Size in Mice

Six- to seven-week old male athymic nu/nu mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley) weighing an average of 27.3±2.4 g were used in the study. Five million cells of Calu-6 (lung cancer cell line) were suspended in PBS (Gibco#14190) were injected subcutaneously into each mouse. The mice were injected with two hundred μl of oligomer intravenously when the average tumor size reached 150 mm³. Oligomers were given every 3 days for a total of 5 dosings. The control vehicles were given the same dosing regimen as the oligomers. The tumor volumes for each mouse were determined by measuring two dimensions with calipers and calculated using the formula: tumor volume=(length×width²)/2). FIG. 20 shows down regulation of PIK3CA expression in liver by oligomers of the invention.

The following oligomers were found to have a good toxicity profile in terms of good animal survival in in vivo experiments at 3 mg/kg dose—SEQ IDs 60, 67, 77 & 82. SEQ IDs 60, 67 and 77 showed a good toxicity profile at 10 mg/kg dosage.

TABLE 6 Effect of oligomers on PIK3CA mRNA in mouse liver and tumor and on tumor size Dose TGI on Group (mg/kg) Tumor KD Liver KD day 12 (%) Control — ND — SEQ ID 57 3 ND 20 ± 23 22.9 10 ND 62 ± 16 18.0 SEQ ID 60 3 ND 27 ± 14 24.7 10 ND 66 ± 11 53.6 30 ND 84 ± 8 49.4 100 ND 88 ± 4.0 54.1 SEQ ID 67 3 16 ± 12 33 ± 37 50.6 10 36 ± 11 73 ± 16 50.5 30 58 ± 5.2 82 ± 17 44.5 100 65 ± 12 81 ± 4.2 31.5 SEQ ID 77 3 ND 65 ± 18 57.6 10 ND 86 ± 5.6 21.2 30 ND 91 ± 6.9 48.5 SEQ ID 82 3 ND 62 ± 26 37.5 10 ND 72 ± 10 50.0

Example 17 Preparation of Conjugates of Oligomers with Polyethylene Glycol

The oligomers having sequences shown as SEQ ID NO: 60 or SEQ ID NO: 87 are functionalized on the 5′ terminus by attaching an aminoalkyl group, such as hexan-1-amine blocked with a blocking group such as Fmoc to the 5′ phosphate groups of the oligomers using routine phosphoramidite chemistry, oxidizing the resultant compounds, deprotecting them and purifying them to achieve the functionalized oligomers, respectively, having the formulas (IA) and (IB):

wherein the bold uppercase letters represent nucleoside analogue monomers, lowercase letters represent DNA monomers, the subscript “s” represents a phosphorothioate linkage, and ^(Me)C represents 5-methylcytosine.

A solution of activated PEG, such as the one shown in formula (II):

wherein the PEG moiety has an average molecular weight of 12,000, and each of the compounds of formulas (IA) and (IB) in PBS buffer are stirred in separate vessels at room temperature for 12 hours. The reaction solutions are extracted three times with methylene chloride and the combined organic layers are dried over magnesium sulphate and filtered and the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residues are dissolved in double distilled water and loaded onto an anion exchange column. Unreacted PEG linker is eluted with water and the products are eluted with NH₄HCO₃ solution. Fractions containing pure products are pooled and lypophilized to yield the conjugates SEQ ID NOs: 60 and 87, respectively as show in formulas (IIIA) and (IIIB):

wherein each of the oligomers of SEQ ID NOs: 60 and 87 is attached to a PEG polymer having average molecular weight of 12,000 via a releasable linker.

Chemical structures of PEG polymer conjugates that can be made with oligomers having sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 67, 77 and 82 using the process described above are respectively shown in formulas (IVA), IVB) and (IVC):

wherein bold uppercase letters represent beta-D-oxy-LNA monomers, lowercase letters represent DNA monomers, the subscript “s” represents a phosphorothioate linkage and ^(Me)C represent 5-methylcytosine.

Activated oligomers that can be used in this process to respectively make the conjugates shown in formulas (IVA), (IVB) and (IVC) have the chemical structures shown in formulas (VA), (VB) and (VC): 

1. An oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said oligomer comprises a first region of at least 10 contiguous monomers; wherein at least one monomer of said first region is a nucleoside analogue; wherein the sequence of said first region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a mammalian PIK3CA gene or a mammalian PIK3CA mRNA.
 2. The oligomer according to claim 1, wherein the sequence of the first region is at least 80% identical to the sequence of a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers present in SEQ ID NOs 2-16, 17-28, 110-124, 125-136 or 149-160.
 3. The oligomer according to claim 1, wherein the sequence of the first region is at least 80% identical to the sequence of a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers present in SEQ ID NO 7, SEQ ID NO 11, SEQ ID NO 115 or SEQ ID NO
 119. 4. The oligomer according to claim 2, wherein the sequence of the first region is at least 80% identical to the sequence of a region of at least 10 contiguous monomers present in SEQ ID NO: 67 or
 77. 5. The oligomer according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the sequence of the first region comprises 0 to 2 mismatches when compared to the sequence of the best-aligned region of the reverse complement of a mammalian PIK3CA gene or a mammalian PIK3CA mRNA.
 6. The oligomer according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein the first region of said oligomer consists of 10 to 18 contiguous monomers.
 7. The oligomer according to claim 6, wherein the first region of said oligomer consists of 16 contiguous monomers.
 8. The oligomer according to any of claims 1-7, wherein each nucleoside analogue is independently selected from the group consisting of an LNA monomer, a monomer containing a 2′-O-alkyl-ribose sugar, a monomer containing a 2′-O-methyl-ribose sugar, a monomer containing a 2′-amino-deoxyribose sugar, and a monomer containing a 2′fluoro-deoxyribose sugar.
 9. The oligomer according to claim 8, wherein the nucleoside analogue is an LNA monomer.
 10. The oligomer according to claim 1, wherein the oligomer is a gapmer, and wherein said gapmer comprises from the 5′ end to the 3′ end: (i) a region A consisting of 1-6 contiguous monomers, wherein at least one monomer is a nucleoside analogue, (ii) a region B, the 5′ end of which is covalently linked to the 3′ end of region A and consisting of 5-12 contiguous monomers, wherein at least one monomer is a nucleoside; and (iii) a region C, the 5′ end of which is covalently linked to the 3′ end of region B and consisting of 1-6 contiguous monomers, wherein at least one monomer is a nucleoside analogue.
 11. The oligomer according to claim 10, wherein the oligomer is a gapmer, and wherein said gapmer comprises from the 5′-end to the 3′-end: (i) a region A consisting of 2-5 contiguous monomers, wherein all monomers are nucleoside analogues, (ii) a region B, the 5′ end of which is covalently linked to the 3′ end of region A and consisting of 6-10 contiguous monomers, wherein all monomers are nucleosides; and (iii) a region C, the 5′ end of which is covalently linked to the 3′ end of region B and consisting of 2-5 contiguous monomers, wherein all monomers are nucleoside analogues.
 12. The oligomer according to claim 10 or 11, wherein all nucleoside analogues are LNA monomers.
 13. The oligomer according to claim 1, wherein said oligomer is selected from 5′ A_(s)G_(s) ^(Me)C_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)t_(s)c_(s)c_(s)A_(s) ^(Me)C_(s) ^(Me)C-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 67); and 5′-T_(s)T_(s)A_(s)t_(s)t_(s)g_(s)t_(s)g_(s)c_(s)a_(s)t_(s)c_(s)t_(s) ^(Me)C_(s)A_(s)G-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 77), wherein uppercase letters denote beta-D-oxy-LNA monomers and lowercase letters denote DNA monomers, the subscript “s” denotes a phosphorothioate linkage, and ^(Me)C denotes a beta-D-oxy-LNA monomer containing a 5-methylcytosine base.
 14. The oligomer according to any one of claims 1-13, which inhibits the expression of a human PIK3CA gene or mRNA in a cell that expresses PIK3CA.
 15. A conjugate comprising an oligomer according to any one of claims 1-13 covalently attached to at least one moiety that is not a nucleic acid or a monomer.
 16. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the oligomer according to any one of claims 1-13 or the conjugate according to claim 15, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, carrier, salt or adjuvant.
 17. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA in a cell, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of an oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said oligomer comprises a first region of at least 10 contiguous monomers; wherein at least one monomer of said first region is a nucleoside analogue; wherein the sequence of said first region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a mammalian PIK3CA gene or a PIK3CA mRNA.
 18. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA in a cell, comprising contacting said cell with an effective amount of a conjugate according to claim
 15. 19. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA in a tissue of a mammal, comprising contacting said tissue with an effective amount of an oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said oligomer comprises a first region of at least 10 contiguous monomers; wherein at least one monomer of said first region is a nucleoside analogue; wherein the sequence of said first region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a mammalian PIK3CA gene or a mammalian PIK3CA mRNA.
 20. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA in a tissue of a mammal comprising contacting said tissue with an effective amount of a conjugate according to claim
 15. 21. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA and beta-catenin in a cell or tissue of a mammal, comprising contacting said cell or tissue with an effective amount of an oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said oligomer comprises a first region of at least 10 contiguous monomers and a second region of at least 10 contiguous monomers, wherein said first region and said second region are the same or different; wherein at least one monomer of said first region and at least one monomer of said second region is a nucleoside analogue; wherein the sequence of said first region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a mammalian PIK3CA gene or a mammalian PIK3CA mRNA; and wherein the sequence of said second region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a mammalian beta-catenin gene or a mammalian beta-catenin mRNA.
 22. A method of inhibiting the expression of PIK3CA and beta-catenin in a tissue of a mammal comprising contacting said tissue with an effective amount of a conjugate according to claim
 15. 23. A method of treating cancer in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal an effective amount of an oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said oligomer comprises a first region of at least 10 contiguous monomers; wherein at least one monomer of said first region is a nucleoside analogue; wherein the sequence of said first region is at least 80% identical to the reverse complement of the best-aligned target region of a PIK3CA gene or a mammalian PIK3CA mRNA.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myeloma, colon cancer, rectal carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatoma, bile duct carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, lung cancer, bladder carcinoma, melanoma, head and neck cancer, brain cancer, neoplasms, cancers of the peripheral nervous system, cancers of the central nervous system, fibrosarcoma, myxosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, chordoma, angiosarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, synovioma, mesothelioma, Ewing's tumor, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, cystadenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, Wilms' tumor, epithelial carcinoma, glioma, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, craniopharyngioma, ependymoma, pinealoma, hemangioblastoma, acoustic neuroma, oligodendroglioma, meningioma, neuroblastoma, and retinoblastoma, heavy chain disease.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the cancer is breast cancer or prostate cancer.
 26. An activated oligomer consisting of 10 to 30 contiguous monomers wherein adjacent monomers are covalently linked by a phosphate group or a phosphorothioate group, wherein said activated oligomer comprises at least one functional group covalently attached thereto at one or more positions independently selected from the 5′-end, the 3′ end, the 2′-OH of a ribose sugar, and the base. 